Classical & Neoclassical Proponents of Public Administration PDF

CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Prepared and presented by: FLORINDA D. BAUTISTA, LPT, MPA.  While there are thoughts that are inherently in the sphere of Public Administration, many2 theories of PA evolved, or are borrowed from management thoughts. Th...

CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Prepared and presented by: FLORINDA D. BAUTISTA, LPT, MPA.  While there are thoughts that are inherently in the sphere of Public Administration, many2 theories of PA evolved, or are borrowed from management thoughts. The classical period considered the society or the environment as somewhat stable, product able, and orderly. Hence, 14 proponents of traditional public administration believed in the primacy of organizational values that a man in the business is treated as a mechanical worker who followed bureaucratic order standardized by the management for maximum efficiency and increased industrial outputs. Below are some classical proponents of management theories, from where many PA theories have later evolved which centered on a mechanical approach in dealing with the industrial capacity of a state. Frederick Taylor  He is considered the Father of Scientific Management. WOODROW WILSON (BORN: DECEMBER 28, 1856 DIED: FEBRUARY 3, 1924) THE 28TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE "FATHER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION." HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ARE SIGNIFICANT, AND HIS IDEAS AND CONCEPTS HAVE SHAPED THE DISCIPLINE OVER THE YEARS. FREDERICK TAYLOR (Born: March 20, 1856 Died: March 21, 1915 He is considered the Father of Scientific Management. He wrote the Principles of Management in 1911. In the study, he pioneered the development of time and motion studies. He premised on the motion “one best way” in accomplishing a task. He argued that scientific management sought to increase output by discovering the fastest and most efficient way of producing goods. The job of a scientific manager is to search for the best method and impose the same among all workers. HENRI FAYOL (BORN: JULY 29, 1841 DIED: NOVEMBER 19, 1925) KNOWN AS THE “FATHER OF MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORY” PUBLISHED THE BOOK, ADMINISTRATION INDUSTRIELLE ET GENERALS, IN 1916, WHICH FOCUSED ON THE GENERAL THEORY OF MANAGEMENT. HE HAS PROPOSED IMPORTANT PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT, SOME OF WHICH ARE PLANNING, ORGANIZING, COMMANDING, COORDINATING, AND CONTROLLING. LEONARD WHITE (Born: January 17, 1891 Died: February 23, 1958) Wrote a groundbreaking book in 1926 titled Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, the first ever text in this field. He noted four critical assumptions that shaped the framework for the study of Public Administration, which are: 1. Administration is a unitary process that can be studied uniformly both in central-national and regional-local levels. 2. The basis for the study of Public Administration is management, and not laws. 3. Administration is still an art but it can also be transformed into science. 4. The recognition that administration has become and will continue to be the heart of the problems of modern government. WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY (BORN: JULY 20, 1867 DIED: 1960) AS AN EARLY SCHOLAR OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, WILLOUGHBY BELIEVED THAT PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HAS UNIVERSAL ASPECTS THAT WERE APPLICABLE TO ALL BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENTS. WILLOUGHBY’S WRITINGS IN 1918 OUTLINED DEVELOPMENTS THAT WERE LEADING TO THE CREATION OF A MODERN BUDGET SYSTEM OR BUDGET REFORMATION. AMONG HIS THRUST ARE THE FOLLOWING IDEAS: - HOW BUDGET WOULD ADVANCE AND PROVIDE FOR POPULAR CONTROL. - HOW BUDGETS WOULD ENHANCE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE COOPERATION. - HOW BUDGETS WOULD ENSURE ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY. WILLOUGHBY DISCUSSED BUDGETARY REFORMS IN THE US AS THE BASIS TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE DEMOCRACY, ALSO AS THE BASIS TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE DEMOCRACY, ALSO AS THE BASIS FOR CONSOLIDATING LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE ACTIONS AND AS THE BASIS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY. MARY PARKER FOLLET (Born: September 3, 1868 Died: December 18, 1933) Emerged in 1926 as a leading scholar on management theory and behavior. She argued on the following organizational theses, which are: 1. Lateral processes within hierarchical organizations which led to the matrix style organizations 2. The importance of informal processes within organizations; and 3. The idea on the authority of the expertise. 4. Follet likewise argued on “situational leadership” that the job of the leader is now how to get people to obey orders but how to devise a method by which he will discover that the order is an integral part of the situation. Follet’s proposal for participatory management and the “law of situation can be attributed to the concept of contingency management. She illustrated the advantages of participatory management in her article. “The Giving of Orders”.  NEO CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION  10 As modern organizations developed, some management techniques, innovations, and functions have been the significant factors in their expansion and progress. Likewise, management thought has been the focal point in the emergence and growth of organization. To a large extent, modern organizations are so structural and managed within the context of current practices of organizational thoughts. Neoclassical proponents believed that motivational factors are better stimuli to engage acceptable organizational behavior and patterns. This period was considered a humanist in approach. Man as a worker is regarded the center of the organization, which in order to attain organizational objectives, management environment should favor the need of an individual worker. HERBERT A. SIMON (BORN: JUNE 15, 1916 DIED: FEBRUARY 9, 2001) HE COINED THE TERMS BOUNDED RATIONALITY AND “SATISFICING” AND WAS THE FIRST TO ANALYZE THE ARCHITECTURE OF COMPLEXITY AND TO PROPOSE A PREFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION. SIMON INTRODUCED THE FAMOUS-DECISION MAKING THAT “SATISFICES”. HE ARGUED THAT MANAGERS SHOULD FIND DECISIONS OR SOLUTIONS THAT WOULD “SATISFICE” THE SITUATION. HE IS KNOWN FOR THE CONCEPT OF BOUNDED RATIONALITY AND HIS MODEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE MAN WHO MAXIMIZES. ELTON MAYO (Born: December 26, 1880 Died: September 7, 1949) Conducted case studies in group dynamics of workers with the premise: “How is work efficiency achieved?” certain ways and motivational drives were anchored on the groups, and were evaluated as to how they responded to given stimulus while at the same time achieving the organizational ends. Mayo conducted Hawthorns' experiments on the theory of individuals within an organizational which propelled the human relations school of management thought. CHESTER BARNARD (BORN: NOVEMBER 7, 1886 DIED: JUNE 7, 1961) PRESENTED A MORE COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN 1938, WHERE HE WROTE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVES. HE ARGUED THAT FOR THE EXECUTIVE TO BECOME MORE 17 EFFECTIVE, HE SHOULD MAINTAIN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THE NEEDS OF THE EMPLOYEES AND THE ORGANIZATION. ABRAHAM MASLOW (Born: April 1, 1908 Died: June 8, 1970) Focused on the hierarchical needs of the individuals. His “Theory of Human Motivation,” states that human being has five sets of needs: psychological, safety, love, and affiliation, esteem, and ultimately, self-actualization. His concepts were later explored and developed into more comprehensive theories and principles as advocated by other researchers in organizational behavior and management such as Herzberg’s “Motivation-Hygiene Theory.” Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y,” Argyri’s “Personality versus Organization” and Likert’s System’s 1 to 4 among others. LUTHER GULLICK (BORN: JANUARY 17, 1892 DIED: JANUARY 10, 1993) LUTHER HALSEY GULICK WAS AN AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENTIST, EATON PROFESSOR OF MUNICIPAL SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND DIRECTOR OF ITS INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, KNOWN AS AN EXPERT ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. IN 1937, LUTHER GULLICK EDITED, AS WHAT WAS PURPORTEDLY CONSIDERED AS A STATE-OF-THE-ART ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY. “A COLLECTION: PAPERS ON THE SCIENCE OF ADMINISTRATION.” IT WAS HERE THAT GULLICK INTRODUCED HIS FAMOUS ACRONYM POSDCORB, WHICH STANDS FOR THE DUTIES OF THE ADMINISTRATORS. IT STANDS FOR PLANNING, ORGANIZING, STAFFING, DIRECTING, COORDINATING, REPORTING, AND BUDGETING. LYNDALL URWICK (Born: March 3, 1891 Died: December 5, 1983) Lyndall Fownes Urwick MC was a British management consultant and business thinker. In 1937, Lyndall Urwick edited, as what was purportedly considered as a state-of-the-art organizational theory. “A Collection: Papers on the Science of Administration.” He is recognized for integrating the ideas of earlier theorists like Henri Fayol into a comprehensive theory of management administration. He wrote an influential book called The Elements of Business Administration, published in 1943. CHESTER BARNARD (BORN: APRIL 18, 1923 DIED: JANUARY 19, 2000) PUBLISHED IN 1959 THE BOOK, THE MOTIVATION TO WORK. HE STUDIED AND PUBLISHED THIS BOOK TO DETERMINE WHICH FACTORS IN AN EMPLOYEE’S WORKPLACE CAUSED SATISFACTION OR DISSATISFACTION. THE BOX BELOW REPRESENTS HERZBERG’S THEORY-FACTORS AFFECTING JOB ATTITUDES. DOUGLAS MCGREGOR (Born: September 6, 1906 Died: October 1, 1964) McGregor’s “Theory X and Y” are two fundamental approaches in managing people in the workplace. Managers who tend to assume Theory X (authoritative direct control) generally get poor results as workers are dissatisfied generally get poor results as workers are dissatisfied to work, and so organizational managers coerce people to work; while managers who apply Theory Y (integral self-control) produce butter performance and results as workers are satisfied to work because of self-motivation which then allows people and employees to develop and progress. MAX WEBER (BORN: APRIL 21, 1864 DIED: JUNE 14, 1920) MAX WEBER (1946), FATHER OF GERMAN SOCIOLOGY, PROVIDED REFERENCE FRAMEWORK IN EVALUATING BOTH THE GOOD AND BAD EFFECTS OF BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS. WEBER CONCEIVED OF BUREAUCRACY AS A STRUCTURED HIERARCHY IN WHICH SALARIED OFFICIALS REACHED RATIONAL DECISIONS BY APPLYING EXPLICIT RULES TO THE FACTS BEFORE THEM. FOR HIM BUREAUCRACY IS AN IDEAL TYPE CHARACTERIZED BY HIERARCHY DIVISION OF LABOR, FORMALLY WRITTEN RULES AND PROCEDURES, IMPERSONALITY AND NEUTRALITY. WEBER’S CENTRAL CLAIM WAS THAT THE BUREAUCRACY MADE ADMINISTRATION MORE EFFICIENT AND RATIONAL; HE BELIEVED THAT IT WAS THE MEANS BY WHICH MODERN INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY COULD BE BROUGHT TO BEAR IN CIVIL AFFAIRS. DWIGHT WALDO (Born: 1913 Died: October 27, 2000) In 1948, Dwight Waldo wrote “Administrative State: A study of the Political Theory of American Public Administration.” As a populist, Waldo was continually concerned about democratic values and the norms of public administration. Waldo’s overall perspective held that public administration was a “subject of Political Science that the long-standing art of public administration would have to be fused with the newly emerging science of public administration.” He was an American political scientist and perhaps the defining figure towards modern public administration. He is recognized all over the world for his contribution to the theory of bureaucratic government. Waldo is only now taking his place as one of the most important political scientists of the last 100 years.  21 CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Proponent Born Died WOODROW WILSON December 28, 1856 February 3, 1924 FREDERICK TAYLOR March 20, 1856 March 21, 1915 HENRI FAYOL July 29, 1841 November 19, 1925  22 CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Proponent Born Died LEONARD WHITE January 17, 1891 February 23, 1958 WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY JULY 20, 1867 1960 MARY PARKER FOLLET September 3, 1868 December 18, 1933  23 NEO CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Proponent Born Died HERBERT A. SIMON June 15, 1916 February 9, 2001 ELTON MAYO December 26, 1880 September 7, 1949 CHESTER BARNARD November 7, 1886 June 7, 1961 April 1, 1908 ABRAHAM MASLOW June 8, 1970 January 17, 1892 LUTHER GULLICK January 10, 1993  24 NEO CLASSICAL PROPONENTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Proponent Born Died LYNDALL URWICK March 3, 1891 December 5, 1983 CHESTER BARNARD April 18, 1923 January 19, 2000 DOUGLAS MCGREGOR September 6, 1906 October 1, 1964 MAX WEBER April 21, 1864 June 14, 1920 DWIGHT WALDO 1913 October 27, 2000 THANK YOU