Class - V Notes PDF

Computer Software Software refers to the programs and instructions that run on the computer. Or Software refers to the programs and instructions that guides the computer hardware what to do, how to and when to do the task. Software gives life to the computer and computer without a software is a d...

Computer Software Software refers to the programs and instructions that run on the computer. Or Software refers to the programs and instructions that guides the computer hardware what to do, how to and when to do the task. Software gives life to the computer and computer without a software is a dead machine. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system (e.g. processor, motherboard, monitor). Types of Software Application Software and System Software Application software: Application software are the programs that helps the user perform specific tasks or functions.  Word processing software like MS Word, WordPad and notepad are used to create to create documents such as letters, reports and etc.  Database software like Oracle, MS access are to store data and perform some operations on the data.  Spreadsheet software like MS Excel are used to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations and present data in charts and graphs.  Presentation Software like Microsoft PowerPoint are used to display information in the form of slides.  Internet browsers like google chrome, Firefox and Safari are used to access the internet. System Software: System software is a set of program that controls the computer hardware. It’s a platform for running the application software. System software are Operating software and Utility software. 1. Operating Software: Operating software is a that acts as an interface between the user and the computer system. Eg. Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Microsoft Windows: Popular operating system created by Microsoft. The founder is Bill Gates. Mac OS: It’s an operating system created by Apple. The founder is Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Mac OS can run on all Macintosh computers. Linux OS: It’s a free operating system that can be downloaded from internet. It was developed by Linux Torvalds. Operating system for mobile devices are Android, Apple IOS.  Android for Phone and Tablets  Apple IOS for IPhone and IPad. 2.Utility Software: It’s a software used to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. Eg. Antivirus software, Backup software, Disk Compression Tool and File Manager.  Software is a type of program that enables a computer to perform various functions.  System software manages and coordinates the functions of the computer's hardware and software.  Application software performs specific tasks or functions for the user.  Utility software helps users manage, maintain, and optimize their computer systems.  Software is installed on a computer by following instructions or prompts provided by the manufacturer or developer. 1. Which operating system is used for mobile devices? Ans: Android and IOS 2. Name two operating system used for Desktop and laptop. Ans: Window OS, Mac OS and Linux OS. 3. What type of software directly interact with the user? Ans: Application software. 4. What type of software interact with the hardware? Ans: System software 5. What type of software is utility software? Ans: System software 6. What type of software is operating software? Ans: System software 7. What type of software is Google Chrome? Ans: Application software 8. What type of software is file manager and backup software? Ans: Utility software Answer the following questions. 1. What is software? Ans: 2. Why is a computer without software called a “dead machine”? Ans: 3. List different types of software and their purposes. Concept Purpose/Process Example System software Application software Utility software Software installation 4. Which software acts as an interface between the user and the computer? Ans:  Topic: Hardware and Software Differences  Both hardware and software are necessary for a computer system to function effectively. Hardware provides the physical infrastructure for a computer to operate, while the software provides the instructions and functions for the hardware to perform tasks.  Hardware and software work together to make a computer function effectively. For example, the operating system software runs on the hardware, and the hardware executes the instructions given by the software. Learning Experiences Watch the video on "Hardware and Software: What's the Difference?" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlT-Lg_QFTA) Answer the following questions: 1. Which hardware is called the brain of the computer? 2. What is a motherboard? 3. Where does software reside when power is switched off? 4. Parts of the computer that we can touch are called _______. 5. Programs that give instructions to the computer are called_____. 6. Hardware cannot perform tasks without _______. 7. Computing devices become functional only when _______ and _______ are combined. Comparing hardware and software Show the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG_qmtdBPTU to the class. Have students work in pairs to answer the following questions. 1. What are the differences between hardware and software? 2. How do hardware and software work together to make a computer function? 3. Explain the importance of both hardware and software in a computer system.  Operating System  Software is a type of program that enables a computer to perform various functions.  There are three main types of software: system, application, and utility.  System software manages and coordinates the functions of the computer's hardware and software.  Application software performs specific tasks or functions for the user.  Utility software helps users manage, maintain, and optimize their computer systems.  Different types of software serve different purposes and have different features and functions.  A bootable drive is a storage device that contains a bootable operating system or utility. Objectives: By the end of the lesson, each child should be able to:  define Operating System (OS).  list different types of operating systems.  explain the importance of an operating system in a computer system.  create a bootable USB drive for installing an operating system. Software/Area Application software System Software Definition Programs or apps which performs System software manages and coordinates specific task or function. the functions of the computer's hardware and software. Function Application software performs Provides basic functionalities required by specific tasks or functions for the the user controlling the CPU, memory, user. monitor, keyboard, mouse. Examples Gmail for email, Facebook for social macOS, Linux, Android, and Microsoft media and media player for music. Windows Operating System: It acts as interface between user and the hardware. It provides user interface make computer user friendly. For example: windows 10, Mac OS, Android OS The OS manages hardware and runs on software.  Communicates with peripheral devices (input/output)  Provides a platform for application software to run on  Controls memory management  Organizes CPU and its tasks  Manages security and user accounts OS- Connecting Peripheral Devices  The OS uses programs called device drivers to manage connection with peripherals.  A device driver handles the translation of requests between a device and the computer. OS- Memory Management  The OS manages how much memory (RAM) an application can use.  Different programs have different memory requirements.  While multiple applications are running OS makes sure they do not clash. OS- File and Disk Management  The OS interoperates file extensions (exchange and use- docx, mp3, jpg)  Creates files structures (moving, editing, deleting)  Manages the hard disk partitions.  OS uses utility software to do this OS- CPU Management  The OS uses scheduling to determine the most efficient order for the CPU to execute instructions.  Each is allocated a ‘priority’ by the OS  This is done very fast to allow multitasking. OS- Security  Provides user controlled accounts  User names and passwords  Administrative privileges  Basic Anti-Virus  Basic firewall (unauthorized access to network)  Typing Tutor (69-88) Online Typing tutors are software or online programs that help people improve their typing skills. Typing Club is an online typing tutor that helps you improve your typing skills through a series of lessons. Touch typing is a typing technique that involves typing without looking at the keyboard. The home row position is the position of the fingers on the keyboard o Left hand: A, S, D, F o Right hand: J, K, L, ; (semicolon) We need to have proper body posture to type well. Constant typing practice will enhance typing speed and accuracy. Answer the following questions 1. How many words per minute can you type? 2. How accurate is your typing? 3. Can you type without looking at the keyboard? 4. Do you know all of the keys on the keyboard and where they are located? 5. Can you type quickly and accurately while also paying attention to capitalization, punctuation, and other formatting details? Typing in Dzongkha Objectives: At the end of the lesson, each child should be able to:  understand the layout of the Dzongkha keyboard.  type Dzongkha text to produce a document.  state the advantages of typing in Dzongkha. Activity: Typing of an essay which was corrected by the Dzongkha teacher.  Importance of typing in Dzongkha  Shortcut keys (Shift+Alt) to switch the language on computer/laptop. Dzongkha typing tutor link to practice http://dztype.rigsum-it.com/DzType2.html#http://dztype.rigsum-it.com/DzType2.html# 1. Why do we have to know how to type in Dzongkha? 2. How do you switch the language setting on a computer/laptop? Application Software Application software is any software added to the system that enables the user to perform a specific task. For example, a word processor allows the user to type a document, and a browser allows the user to view web pages.  Application software is a type of computer program that helps users perform specific tasks.  Some examples of application software are Word processors, spreadsheet programs, and graphic design software.  Application software allows users to perform advanced tasks and enhances the functionality of a computer.  Application software must be installed in your computer system in order to use it. Types of Application Software 1. Word Processing Software Word processing software allows you to create document such as letter and reports. E.g. Word, google docs, pages and writer. 2. Desktop Publishing Software Desktop publishing software is a software that allows you to create poster, graphics, animations and other publications. E.g. Photoshop, Illustrator and After Effects. 3. Database Management Software. Database management software allows you to create database. E.g. Access and Base 4. Spreadsheet software: Spreadsheet software allows you to record and analyze data in the form of a spreadsheet. E.g. Excel sheet, Number, 5. Email Software: Email software allows you to send emails to other people. E.g. Apple mail, outlook and Gmail 6. Internet browsers: Internet browsers allow you to access internet. E.g. Chrome, Safari, Edge, Firefox. 7. Sound or voice editing software: It is a software which is used to record and edit sound files. E.g. Audacity, Logic pro, FL studio and Adobe Audition. 8. Off-The Shelf Software: It’s a software designed to be sold in the shop for the public.  E.g. Microsoft office, Quick books. 9. Custom Software: It is made specifically for you and can be more secure and not known by public. E.g. Google classroom, canvas 10. Open source software: It is a software that allows users or members to freely access the code. E.g. VLC Media player, Linus, Firefox. 11. Proprietary Software: Property software is also known as closed-source software. The software code is locked from the user so that it cannot be edited. E.g. Windows, Microsoft office. Utility Software Utility software is a software that helps user to manage, maintain, and optimize the computer system. Eg. Anti-virus,  Make copies of your important files so you don't lose them if something goes wrong with the computer (backup)  Organize files on your hard drive to make your computer run faster (defragmentation)  Remove unnecessary files from your computer to free up space and make it run better (disk cleanup)  Protect your computer from viruses and other harmful software (antivirus) Tool Purpose Defragmentation Helps the computer to run faster by organizing files on the hard drive software Backup Make copies of important files so that the flies are not lost if something goes wrong with the computer Disk Cleanup Removes unnecessary files to free up space on the hard drive and make the computer run better Microsoft Defender Protects the computer from viruses and other harmful software that (Antivirus) can cause problems or steal your information.  Images and tables in MS Word  Microsoft Word has a variety of tabs, commands, and groups that can be used for different purposes.  Images can be a useful tool for clearly communicating information in a report.  When we select an object in Word, special tabs may become available for formatting that object. 1. List down the tabs available in Microsoft Word. Ans: The tabs in Microsoft Word are file, home, insert, design, layout, references, mailings, review, view and developer. 2. List the commands available in the Clipboard group. Ans: The commands in clipboard group are cut, copy, paste, and Format Painter. 3. When will the special tab (format) appear? Ans: When we select an object in Word, special tabs may become available for formatting that object. 4. Write down the reasons why reports often have images. Ans: To look attractive and to convey the message easily. Features of a web browser and their functions 1. Bookmark This is used to save web pages that users want to remember and use later instead of typing the whole URL they click on the saved bookmark. This makes the retrieval of webpage faster and it enables users to manage the website that they want to revisit. 2. Tools (options) Most browsers offer a tools menu and a sub-menu option that has many tabs for user use. Most of them have tabs like privacy; where you set privacy issues, security; general; content; programs; advanced, etc depending on the browser. 3. Browser homepage It allows the user to set the first webpage that will be retrieved every time the web browser loads for the first time. The default homepage of most browsers is the browser company website, but users can change to their preference. If you want you can also add your favorite search engine to your default homepage. 4. Browsing history History is another feature of the web browser that is used to record all visited web pages. Internet browser automatically saves the visited page, although the user can change settings so that it does not save or delete after every use. History can be used for faster retrieval of the page that you visited early by clicking on the link on the history. It can also be used to audit what the user has been accessing for a given period. The history remains until deleted by the user. 5. View source (code source) This gives the programmer or any other user a chance to view client-side codes that are used to create the webpage. It generates only client-side code because if server-side codes are provided users can temper information that is a security threat to the website. 6. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) It is used to enable the user to retrieve a given resource that is stored in a specific server. As its name suggests it locates resources/documents from the web. URL is entered on the address bar of the browser to retrieve a resource. URL has four parts that help in retrieving the document. 7. Address bar: it is another feature that comes with all internet browsers. The bar is a space where a user enters the address of the specific website they wish to visit or a keyword to search on the internet. 8. New Tab: The tab helps users to have more than one web page in the same browser. It is like opening many pages of a book. The plus sign (+) is a keyboard shortcut to creating a new tab. 9. Title Bar: it displays the title of the webpage currently being viewed. It also includes the favicon of the website. 11. Navigation: they are used to move from the previous or next webpage depending on pages that were opened. 12. Refresh button: it is used to reload the web page F5 can be used as a shortcut for the same. 13. Scroll bar: there are horizontal and vertical scroll bars that help the user to move the web page side by side or from top to bottom. 14. Status bar: it is the bar at the bottom of the browser that displays the URL and shows if it is loading or not. 15. Display window: this is the space where the content of the web page is displayed. 1. Copy the table given below in your notebook and match column A to column B. Column A Column B 1. Bookmarks A) Allows users to search the web using a search engine 1. Tools (Options) B) Keeps a record of all the websites the user has visited 1. History C) Allows users to save and organize their favorite websites for easy access in the future 1. URL D) Allows users to customize their experience with extensions, themes, and other options 1. Search E) The address of the current web page key points  A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and view websites and web pages.  Some common features of web browsers include:  Bookmarking allows users to save and organize their favorite websites for easy access in the future.  History Keeps a record of all the websites the user has visited, allowing them to revisit past sites easily.  Tabs allow users to open multiple websites in a single window, allowing for easy switching between sites.  Search allows users to search the web using a search engine, such as Google or Bing.  Security: Web browsers often include security features such as warnings about potentially dangerous websites and the ability to block pop-up windows.  Customization: Many web browsers allow users to customize their experience with extensions, themes, and other options.  Mobile compatibility: Many web browsers are designed to work on both desktop and mobile devices, allowing users to access the web on the go.  Bookmarks 1. What is a bookmark? 2. How do you add bookmarks to a browser (e.g. Chrome)? 3. How do you manage and organize bookmarks in a browser? 4. How do you import bookmarks from another browser? Bookmarks are a feature of web browsers that allow you to save and quickly access the web addresses of websites that you visit frequently or want to remember for later. You can create bookmarks by clicking on the "bookmark" or "favorite" icon in your web browser, or by selecting "Add to bookmarks". You can organize bookmarks by creating folders and placing related bookmarks in the same folder. You can access your bookmarks by clicking on the bookmark icon or selecting "Bookmarks" from the browser menu. Some web browsers allow you to sync your bookmarks across devices. Bookmarks can be a valuable tool for saving time and staying organized when browsing the Internet. Still, it is a good idea to periodically review and delete any bookmarks that are no longer used. Activity 1: Search and bookmark the following websites.  Search Engines  Web browsers  Types of sentences  Direct and indirect speech  Place value of the whole number  Meaning of fractions as decimal  Food web with organisms  The food nutrients and their functions  The Earth  Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal Activity 2: Ask students to create the following folders and organize the bookmarks they added in Activity 1 according to the following table: Folder Bookmarks ICT Search Engines, Web browsers  English Types of sentences, Direct and indirect speech Mathematics Place value of the whole number, Meaning of fractions as a decimal. Science Food web with organisms, The food nutrients and their functions Social Studies The Earth, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal 1. Explain the advantages of bookmarks. 2. Explain how you organized them. 3. Demonstrate how to import bookmarks. Browsing History 1. What is browsing history? 2. What are the advantages of browsing history? Browsing history is a record of websites that a person has visited using a web browser. Browsing history is often stored on a person's computer or device. Some web browsers allow users to clear their browsing history. Others who have access to the device can access browsing history. Steps to locate browsing history:  Click on Options  Click history Steps to delete the browsing history:  Go to Options (tools)  Click history  Select and delete browsing history The deleted browsing history can be restored by using the app.  Data Protection  Data protection is the process of protecting personal or sensitive information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.  Ways to protect data, including using strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, installing antivirus software, and regularly updating software and security measures.  Data protection helps prevent data breaches, identity theft, and other forms of cybercrime.  Data protection involves regularly backing up important files and storing them in a secure location, such as an external hard drive or cloud storage service.  Data security refers to the measures taken to protect data from unauthorized access or attacks. 1. What is data protection? 2. What are two ways to protect data? 3. Why do we need to protect data? 4. Mention ways to backup data. 5. Explain data security and data backup.  Malicious Software “Viruses, worms, and other malicious software that is unknowingly installed onto a computer often try to gain access to sensitive and important information saved in your computer. It makes the computer perform slowly, steal personal data, or make money off of the user. Fortunately, there are multiple ways that users can protect their computing devices and networks”.  Malware is a type of software that is designed to harm or cause issues with a computer.  There are several types of malware, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, and ransomware.  Malware can infect a computer in a variety of ways, such as through email attachments, downloaded files, or infected websites.  Malware can have a range of effects on infected devices, including slowing down performance, stealing personal data, and making money off of the user.  There are several strategies that can help protect against malware, including installing antivirus software, keeping software up to date, avoiding suspicious links and downloads, and creating strong passwords. 1. What is malware? 1. Harmful software. 2. Protective software. 3. Enhancing software. 4. Optimizing software. 2. What are some examples of malware? 1. Viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, adware, and spyware. 2. Security tools. 3. Social media, video games, and productivity software 4. Website templates, graphics design software, and text editors. 3. Why do hackers create malware? 1. To gain something or cause harm. 2. To protect computer systems. 3. To make computers perform better. 4. For fun or to practice.  Protecting Computer from Malware Detecting Malware  There are various ways that malware can infect a computer, including through email attachments, downloaded files, and visiting infected websites.  Signs that a computer may be infected with malware include sudden slowdowns or crashes, unexpected pop-up windows or ads, and changes to settings or programs.  To remove malware, it's recommended to use antivirus software or seek professional help.  It is unethical to develop and distribute malware, as it can cause harm to others. 1. What are the ways in which malware gets into the computer? 2. What are the ways to protect your system from malware? 3. What are the signs that your computer is infected with malware? 4. why it is unethical to develop malware. Understanding Cybercrime  Cybercrime is any criminal activity that involves the use of computers and the internet. Examples include phishing, hacking, and identity theft.  Use strong passwords, be cautious when sharing personal information online, and use security software to protect against viruses and other threats. 1. What is Cybercrime? 2. List the examples of Cybercrime. 3. How can you protect yourself against Cybercrime?  Data Backup in USB https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mMZFoXbKqI 1. What is the biggest threat to our computer? 2. How can we keep our computer running smoothly? 3. How can we prevent data loss from a computer? Understanding data backup https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIL6L7f32Bs The data backup refers to copying of files and information to a secondary location. The importance of regularly backing up data to prevent loss in case of system failures or malware attacks Different types of storage devices that can be used for data backup, such as USB drives and cloud storage How to transfer data to a USB drive using different methods, such as copy and paste or drag and drop The importance of storing the USB drive in a safe and secure location How to create and name folders on a USB drive to organize data The steps to backup data on an external drive and restore a deleted folder. 1. Define data backup. 2. What are the advantages of data backup?  Data Backup in Google Drive (Cloud)  Data backup is the process of creating copies of data in case the original data is lost or corrupted.  It is important to regularly back up data to prevent data loss and ensure that important information is not lost.  Google Drive is a cloud storage service that can be used to store and back up data.  The advantages of using Google Drive for data backup include the ability to access data from anywhere with an internet connection and the added security of having data stored in a secure, remote location.  To back up data using Google Drive, you can sign in to their Gmail account, click on Google Apps, click on Drive, click on My Drive, and drag and drop the file they want to back up.  Students can restore data from Google Drive by navigating to the file or folder they want to restore and selecting the "Restore" option.  It is important to regularly update backups to ensure that the most current version of data is being stored. Steps to back up a file in cloud storage (google drive) 1. Sign in to your Gmail account 2. Click on Google Apps 3. Click on Drive 4. Click on My Drive 5. Drag and drop the file Features Google Drive USB Drive Storage locations Remote Local Device How files can be Any device with internet Device with USB port accessed connection How files can be shared Online or by giving permission Physical transfer between devices Capacity Varied Limited by device size Security Good Depends on usage and device  Coding Adventure II Functions A function is a set of instructions that performs a specific task. The computer will only execute the function when you use it in your code.  A function is a piece of code that does a specific task.  You can create a function by giving it a name, and you can call it from other parts of your code by using its name.  Functions can be used to make your code shorter and easier to understand.  Examples of functions without arguments in the CodeMonkey platform include "grab()" and "drop()"  Examples of functions with arguments in the CodeMonkey platform include "step 20", "turn left", and "turnTo banana"  A comment is a line in a program that is ignored by the computer. You can use comments to explain what your code is doing and why.  Comments are marked with a special symbol (#), so the computer knows to ignore them.  Functions and comments are important tools in programming because they help you organize and understand your code. They can make it easier to read and maintain your code, which is important when you are working on a project or building something new. 1. What is a function? A function is a set of instructions that performs a specific task. The computer will only execute the function when we will call it, meaning use it in our code. 2. What are some reasons for using functions? o Make the code shorter o Make the code more readable o In case the instructions change (e.g. if we add to the riding- use handlebars to turn), we’ll only have to change the code once o To split the job between team members: one will write the function and one will write the code that uses it 3. What are examples of functions we learned? o A: step, turn, turnTo, grab, drop, but not: for 4. What is the meaning of defining a function and calling it? o A: Calling a function means using it in our code. Defining a function means creating it by writing a set of statements that tell the computer what to do when it is called. 5. What are the arguments? Give an example of how we call a function with and without arguments. o A: An argument is a number or an object that we pass to the function, which can be used by the code inside the function. Calling a function with an argument: step 10, turnTo banana, goto bridge. o Without argument: grab(), drop(). -the use of parentheses.  goto = (a) -> turnTo a step distanceTo a goto banana The function’s name is goto, and the argument is a. turnTo a and step distanceTo a are the statements. In “goto banana” goto is a function and banana is an argument. 1. What are comments in coding and what are they used for in Coding Adventure particularly? o Comments are lines inside the code that are not executed but rather are written and read by programmers. They help programmers understand each other when reading and writing code Debugging Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in a program. Debugging is the essential skill for all programmers, as it help us to ensure that our code is correct and produces the desired results.  Errors in a program are called bugs or defects. They can cause the program to behave unexpectedly or not work at all.  Debugging helps make sure that a program is working correctly and doing what it is supposed to do.  To debug a program, you can read the code slowly and carefully, use print statements to see what's happening, or use a debugger to step through the code line by line.  Debugging is an important skill for all programmers, and it takes practice and patience to get better at it  Fake it ‘til You Make it! A loop is used when the same pattern repeats itself in the code several times in a row. That way, we do not have to write the same code over and over again. Just like that, a function is used when the same pattern appears in different blocks of code so that we do not have to repeat the same code in different places. Just like with loops, using functions will be all about identifying patterns. Pseudo-code This is a common way to express a set of actions (or an algorithm) without writing the actual code. It is called pseudo-code, meaning bogus or fake code. The prefix pseudo has greek origins (pseudes=false) and is pronounced like soodoe. Pseudo-code for challenge 88-Expected Answer: step over all the islands grab the match step over all the rafts drop the match Key Points  A function is a block of code that performs a specific task and can be called multiple times in a program. Functions allow for code reuse, making it easier to organize and maintain large programs.  Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a program. It is an important skill for programmers to develop, as it helps them understand the behavior of their code and improve its functionality.  Pseudo-code is a simplified form of a programming language or code that is used to express an algorithm or set of instructions in a way that is easier for humans to understand.  Pseudo-code is a way of expressing algorithms and code ideas in a high-level language. It is often used to plan and organize code before writing it in a specific programming language.  Loops are a programming construct that allows a block of code to be executed multiple times. There are several types of loops, including for loops and while loops, which can be used to perform repetitive tasks in a program.  Iteration is the process of repeating a set of actions on each element of a collection or data structure, such as a list or an array. It is often done using a loop and allows a program to perform actions on multiple items at once