CIVI US Cours 1 Ext PDF

CIVI US Cours 1 2 exercices : 1 plan détaillé de commentaire et une dissertation en temps limité à la maison. - Sujet traité de manière chronologique. Thème difficile car bornes chrono curieuses 33-2017 : Point de départ du sujet : 1933 Accession au po...

CIVI US Cours 1 2 exercices : 1 plan détaillé de commentaire et une dissertation en temps limité à la maison. - Sujet traité de manière chronologique. Thème difficile car bornes chrono curieuses 33-2017 : Point de départ du sujet : 1933 Accession au pouvoir de Roosevelt, New Deal et l’annonce immédiate d’une nouvelle politique étrangère « the Good Neighbor Policy ». Roosevelt annonce que les USA se comporteront différemment en politique étrangère. Les US n’ont jamais participé à la société des nations que Wilson avait voulu créer pourtant. Puis, « la montée des périls » quelques mois après ; nucléaire, les ambitions du Japon, l’Italie tout ça crée une situation internationale toujours plus tendue. Car les années précédentes, avaient eu lieux un certain nombre d’interventions en Amérique Latine, aux Caraïbes, Amé Centrale Point d’arrivée : 2017 : fin du mandat d’Obama et l’arrivée au pouvoir de Trump ; quelqu’un qui a fait ouvertement campagne sur le rejet de l’immigration, notamment celle venant du Mexique et d’Amérique Centrale qui sont ciblés comme mettant en péril l’existence même de la nation. Dans un contexte international complétement différent ; après la Guerre Froide, les USA qui sont toujours la 1ère puissance mondiale mais dont les relations avec l’Amérique Latine sont complétement différentes. Puisque l’Amé Lat a changé de dimensions, certains de ses membres comme les Br et le Mex ont pris une dimension et un poids international plus important. Puis, il n’y a plus la GF qui s’est achevée en 1989/91 donc les relations ne sont plus exclusives entre les USA et l’Amérique Lat, on est dans ce qu’on appelle la multipolarité. Avec la présence de nouveaux d’acteurs, principalement la Chine. Pourquoi c’est compliqué ? 1) Besoin de savoir/ avoir des notions de tout ce qui s’est passé avant. C’est la raison pour laquelle le cours d’intro porte sur 1796-1832 (= pas en détails, juste des repères). Si vous ne savez pas ce qui s’est passé avant de manière assez nette = difficultés. - donc, retour sur l’héritage révolutionnaire (pas que des USA mais aussi Amé Lat. - comprendre ce qui se passe à la fin du 19ème siècle, notamment autour de cette date pivot 1898 (qui n’est pas dans le thème qui est HYPER importante quand même) = Le moment où les USA font cette guerre très brève à l’Espagne ; qui conduit à l’occupation temporaire de Cuba et continue…  - Autre point en dehors des bornes mais très important ; les multiples interventions en Am C., aux Caraïbes et au Mexique. 2) 2ème problème illustré par le sujet qui est tombé l’an dernier ; sujet sur lequel vous ne pouvez pas vous concentrer sur les USA et l’Amé Lat. Vous devez aussi connaitre pas mal de choses sur l’histoire de la GF en général par exemple. Sujet : texte de Truman difficile car pas grand-chose, lié à l’histoire de la GF notamment dans sa dimension européenne en 1945,6,7. Donc vous allez bcp m’entendre dire « en Amé … il se passe ci et çà MAIS ayez bien en tête que dans le reste du monde… » A l’écrit : 2 types d’épreuves : - dissertation en fr 7h : sujet assez long et souvent des citations pol, histo, sociolo, = travail d’interprétation du sujet avant de concevoir vote sujet. ➔ Méthodologie détaillée de la dissertation à mettre sur Moodle. Connaissances + réflexion - commentaire de texte : 6h Analyse critique du document, PAS DE PARAPHRASE. Sujet 2024 : expliquer pourquoi Truman = langue de bois. Pourquoi il enchainait les phrases avec finalement peu de contenu PARCE QU’il n’était pas prévu dans les plans étatsuniens un plan marshal pour l’Am Lat. Why ? Parce qu’il était pour l’Europe d’abord et avant tout. Amé Lat = théâtre secondaire dans ce mouvement historique. Le commentaire de texte demande d’être capable de faire analyse critique. Pour l’oral : optionnaires civi. 2 types d’épreuves : - La leçon de civilisation ; sur un sujet comme une dissert Analyse du sujet à faire. Pas de doc, faire un cours sur le thème qui est donné. - Le commentaire de texte : explication du document. _______________ Très important de prendre en compte la dimension géographique du sujet. A lot related to geography; we need you to remember that Americans do not see the world as we see it in Europe. Planet divided into 2 parts: For Europeans: Northern Hemisphere & the Southern Hemisphere. For Americans: WESTERN HEMISPHERE and EASTERN HEMISPHERE = makes a lot of sense for them; often simplified by politicians as “our hemisphere.” Very important for our understanding of the US foreign policy. Of course, we have to deal with everything related to Lat Ame but when we’ll talk about how we understand the foreign policy, we’ll see that a lot depends on the distance btw the US and the country or region concerned. There is going to be a lot of diff btw the US and Mex, and btw the US and Brazil, and btw the US and Central Am or the Caribbeans. How exactly do we define America, Americas, South America or Latin America. - America Used at beg of the 16th c. after the Italian…?? Used to designate the whole continent that the US discovered in 1492. - Americas Used to designate the American continent in its diversity. - South America Only designate this very large land mass Argentina to Colombia. - Latin America Other geographical and geopolitical expression that appeared later in 19th c. by FR ideologist…?? Then, it became the designation of the region where people speak either Spanish or Portuguese. - North America Includes Mexico, US, Canada. - Central America Designate the peninsula btw the end of Mexico and end Colombia. - Caribbean The tip of Florida; Cuba very close, Haiti, Dom. Rep, all other islands, and archipelagos.  The Spanish and Portuguese Legacy As you know after the discovery of Amee in 1492 the 2 main European powers (and monarchies) were Spain and Portugal. They divided the world btw them, when to see the pope and sign the treaty of TORDESSILAS = gave half of the world to the Spanish and half of the world to the Portuguese; and the land chosen gave most of Brazil to the Portuguese. And of course, Spain became a dominant world power due to its conquests in South and Central America. This conquest was pretty bloody in the 16thc , almost destroyed the local populations. And it was profitable to the Spanish monarch. In several of these territories, both in Brazil and in the Spanish colonies, slavery was used extensively and Catholicism had become the main dominant religion. (MAP) As you can see, the Spanish had a presence in North Am, in the American South, in the American West; although the lands were much smaller. As you might know, in early 19thc most Spanish colonies won their independences. The main figure of the emancipation is SIMON BOLIVAR. Within 30 years, most former Spanish colonies had won their independence. Brazil had to wait a bit longer… A similar process occurred later during the 19thc in Central Ame and in Mexico. Mex = independent by 1820s but later was confronted with US imperialism; with war in 1838?? Which explains why most the south west = dominated by the US.  BASIC KEYS WORDS Expansionism – Imperialism – Colonialism and Neo-colonialism – Exceptionalism - Expansionism: = to go belong one country’s borders through conquest or armed forces. Or to control more territories (US expansionism in the West against local popu Native Americans) - Imperialism: “Exerting domination through one means or another.” Difficult word bc it has several meanings: = desire for a country to build an empire through conquest. = Daniel talks about informal imperialism: a concepted by William Appleman Informal empire = the US created a zone of influence without always having soldiers on the ground. The influence occurred through ideological and economical domination. - Colonialism: = describes how great power, conquer, occupy, and transform other territories; Spanish and the Portuguese. The US was involved in colonialism when we think about Cuba, the Philippines, Haiti… = US occupation. - Neo-colonialism: used in the last 40/50 years after the era of Independence. = refers to all the tools and methods that former colonizers used to keep their influence. ➔ (Can we talk about neo-colonialism when China brings all its influence on Africa and South American countries? = GOOD DEBATE). - Exceptionalism David Bell? = cornerstone of the current US pollical discourse; mostly used by the republicans; describing a unique civilization superior to the others. Many doc referring to Excep in CW and notion = new life for the concept after 9/11. It has new become consensual Speech by Obama. = theme mostly about diplomacy and international relations.  ACTORS The Presidents Secretary of State Advisors The State Department Armed Forces and Intelligence Services Missionaries, businessmen, journalists, writers etc. American Public Opinion Latin American Politicians Latin American activists, writers, journalists etc. Local Public Opinion _______________________________ How did the US, a country selling itself as a universal example of Republic and freedom, interact with the other, often less developed, American nations it wanted to protect from European Imperialism? How did it reconcile independence, liberty with hegemony and capitalism? 1) After the Revolution, the US as protective or Hegemonic? (1820s-1850s) A. Legacy of Revolutions B. Monroe Doctrine: … C. The Manifest Destiny and dream of Empire 2) Expansionism and Imperialism: more ambition (1860s – 1880s) A. The Crisis of the 1860s in the Atlantic World B. The US as a growing industrial power C. “Race for Empire” and early Pan Americanism 3) Becoming a world power and ruling over the Western Hemisphere (1890s – 1932) A. 1898 turning point B. T-Roas, the Big Stick and the Canal C. Dollar Diplomacy and powerful corporations D. Wilson’s idealism and American realities.  1) After the Revolution, the US as protective or Hegemonic? 1820s-1850s A. Legacy of Revolutions 53min 3 revolutions in half a century: - The American Revolution which proclaimed the values of universalism and the enlightenment… Even though the Founding Fathers were only white men and thought that US citizens should only be white men. They despised the political question of women, many owned slaves, called Native Americans “Savages”; Even if the declaration says “all men.” Then in the 30 years, historians have studied the importance of what happened in Haiti. - The Haitian revolution btw 1791-1804, began as a slave revo. In FR island of Saint Domingue (= sugar producing island at the time). In Haiti: conflicting relations btw FR, GB, Spain, and US, all of them waiting to dominate this very profitable island. In 1784, the FR revolutionaries decided the abolition of slavery; then the revo; then the Haitian revo provoked fear. The Haitian leader Toussaint Louverture, eventually captured by the FR and died in prison. Another Haitian leader: General Dessalines managed to establish Haiti independence, the 1st black repu in the world in 1804. Historic independence = came along with massacres. - The Revolution in Spanish America: as Spain and Portugal were weakened by the wars with Napoleon. A process in which the US and independent countries, had often an ambiguous attitude. On the one hand the US wanted to help revolutions in Central America; provided weapons to the revolutionaries but in the other hand the US worried that it would become the target of Spain. In 1811: other war with Spain which shows the period of international relations. In 1890: the US happy to sign a treaty with Spain that enabled the annexation of Florida. B. The Monroe Doctrine This is to explain that often what happened with the Monroe Doctrine = not the same as it was remembered and used. There are differences btw the repetition of that presidential proclamation and the memory of that ambition. So, what happened exactly? By 1823, Europe was dominated by reactionaries (=people who wanted to go back to the world before the FR revolution = to monarchies). In Spain, the King Ferdinant 7th who wanted to reclaim their power; even though most of the countries were independent. GB was also willing to help him crush South Americans. In other words, Europe seemed to threaten them with newly independent countries. In this context, President Monroe made 2 claims: 1) The Us will not authorize any more colonization from European Powers. 2) Not authorize any intervention against any new republic. By 1823: the US = very poor bc had no military power to enforce that proclamation: very small army, small navy + military power mostly occupied to fight Native American tribes. But Monroe and his Secretary of State ADAMS understood that they might be able to bluff enough to discourage any military intervention ➔ sort of worked. ➔ The difficulty for us is to understand that the doctrine is both a crucial landmark for US policy BUT it took almost a century for the doctrine to have real concrete military consequences. C. The Manifest Destiny and dream of Empire At the same time, during the 1820s and 30s, the US went through and intense… especially during the presidency of Andrew Jackson (in favor of Indian Removal Policies); most Native Am tribes displaced West of the Mississippi. Ideology of the Manifest Destiny = the settlers are depicted as bring progress forward to almost “empty lands.” In this context of the Mani Des, Mexico designated as the “sick man” of North America + the land of TEXAS became very attractive for US settlers. So + and + Americans moved to Texas the irritated the authorize to the point that a General named Santa Anna decided to lead a punishing expedition to get rid of all Yankees settlers. 1835: the US settlers were massacred at the US Alamo; and a few years later the question the annexation of Texas came back and Texas was finally annexed by the US in 1845. In 1848, the US decided to wage war against Mexico and in only 3 months = won eventually most of the South West. ➔ It was important of the US but also for the other countries which became aware that, of course wanted to protect them from European Imperialism BUT might only have ambitions itself… Many countries became aware of the threat of the Yankees. In 1855, an American mercenary named William WALKER took control of Nicaragua. He was the leader of a mercenary group called the FILIBUSTERS; These mercenaries were hired in San Fransisco… (These were unauthorized armed interventions, often with the aim of seizing control of territories or influencing local politics. Key Characteristics - Filibusters were typically led by adventurers or mercenaries from the United States. - They were not officially sanctioned by the US government but were sometimes tacitly supported. - These expeditions often targeted areas in Central America and the Caribbean.) Walker and his men arrived in Nicaragua, he was asked by the authorities to become the new leader of the country = “CAUDILLO” and he agreed, he was very happy to rule the country. At the beginning = like a honeymoon: he weakened the central Government of Nicaragua, he got rid of military draft… But in 1856, he went too far by trying to reestablish slavery + tried to confiscate some of the land. ➔ Eventually WALKER = forced to leave the country after he surrendered on May 1st 1857. So, these American mercenaries had ruled over Nicaragua for only 2 years. That tendency, increased in the 2nd half of the 19thc. and at the same time the US began to express its desire to unite the continent through PAN AMERICANISM. 2) Expansionism and Imperialism: more ambition (1860s – 1880s) A. The Crisis of the 1860s in the Atlantic World One thing to remember = what happened in the 1860s. Often, we think about the Civil War btw 1861 and 1865, but there were other crises that we need to consider. When the Civil War occurred beg 1861, the confederacy had a lot of ambitions = many planters dreaming about expanding their plantations to Cuba, Central America, and the Caribbean in general. As you may know, the US Civil War had important internation repercussions; the confederacy was hoping either or both FR or GB would recognize its existence and thus force others to accept its existence. France at the same time, had ambitions of its own, in 1862 Emperor Napoleon III sent troops to Mexico and helped establish the empire of MAXIMILIAN 1st Maximilian was hoping to create some kind of parliamentary monarchy in Mexico and multiply alliances with France. As you know, the south lost the Civil War in Jan 1865 = slavery was abolished in the US; and more generally in the AMERICAS, slavery only remained in Cuba and Brazil. Very shortly after the Civil War, a Revolution began in Mexico against the French and against the emperor and by 1867: Mexican republicans had won and Maximilian = executed. B. The US as a growing industrial power At the same time, the US began a fast Industrialization. After the beg on the Civil War, Congress passed a certain number of laws to help businesses: - higher tariffs - lot of railway constructions. In 1862, the Homestead Act which encouraged settlements in the West, expansionism, and economic growth (= Purpose: It aimed to encourage settlement and development of the American West by providing land to settlers). In the last 3rd of the 19thc, the 2nd industrial revolution occurred = most strong in the US (electricity, steel and oil industries) and the US attracted massive amounts of capital. During that period the share of world trade by the US = + and + important. In the 1868, after the war, US = 6% of World Trade; by 1913 it represented 11% = doubled. And most importantly, in the US + and + corporations; these very large corporations want to take part in foreign policy. They want access to new markets and new resources. C. “Race for Empire” and early Pan Americanism In terms of ideology, we see the growth of new ambitions and what historian W. LAFEBER described as a “race for empire.” By the last 3rd of the 19thc, America attracted millions of immigrants: btw 1817 and 1910 = 20 million immigrants coming to US; most of them coming from Southern and Eastern Europe and this very large influx of immigrants had important political and of ideological consequences… Xenophobia and nativism = became major forces in American politics, just as White Supremacy established itself in the American South. - African-Americans = systematically excluded from right to vote and segregation became the rule in most states. ➔ So eventually, the idea that the white race had the duty to live in the US became central to American political ideology… so NOT surprising to find it in their foreign policy. However, at the beginning, American Imperialism was rather timid. Its military forces were not very large; and its projects outside of the US = limited. A good example: CUBA. (Cuba was still under the domination of Spain) A rebellion began against he Spanish in 1868 and many Cuban rebels agitated for US help. But at the time: under President Grant and his Secretary of State FISH = a lot of hesitation. One of the facts: Half a million Cubans were black = it was an obstacle for the Grant Administration. Eventually this attempt at overthrowing Spanish domination in Cuba ended in 1878. The Spanish rules were reestablished and many US investors began to buy quotations (= des cotations) in Cuba. In that period, 1st debate about building a canal in Atlantic and Pacific oceans; BUT still US hesitations… and eventually in 1879, the FR entrepreneur Ferdinant DELESSEPS and his company got the right to build a canal btw Panama. = a disaster = many workers died trying to build the canal… Company = bankrupt. Frustration for US power but a clear desire for expansion existed. In the early 1890s, the Congress decided that the US had to modern Navy. So, by the 1892, the US rebuilt modern battleships. By 1892, the US had control over Hawaii = signs of expansions. In terms of diplomacy, James Blaine = secretary of State during the 1890s, was the 1st to think about PAN AMERICANISM. He sent invitations to Lat Amer leaders to come to Washington DC and eventually, in 1888, the 1st PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE took place; diplomats discussed ways to guarantee peace, commercial development and integration on the continent. They agreed to come up with a commercial bureau, and the goal was at 1st to reduce tariffs and improve…?