Unit 5/6 Summative Assessment Review (2024-25) PDF

Teacher’s response Unit 5/6 Summative Assessment Review (Completed) 1.​ What was Monroe doctrine? The Monroe Doctrine is a foreign policy position of the United States that opposes European colonization and interference in the Western Hemisphere. 2.​ What was manifest destiny?...

Teacher’s response Unit 5/6 Summative Assessment Review (Completed) 1.​ What was Monroe doctrine? The Monroe Doctrine is a foreign policy position of the United States that opposes European colonization and interference in the Western Hemisphere. 2.​ What was manifest destiny? Manifest Destiny was the 19th century belief that the United States was destined (has a god given right) to expand across North America and spread democracy and capitalism. 3.​ What was dollar diplomacy? President Taft’s foreign policy proposing the use of a country’s financial power to extend its international influence. 4.​ What was big stick diplomacy? Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy proposing that peaceful negotiation is important but should be backed up with the threat of using a "big stick", or the military, to achieve U.S. goals. 5.​ What was moral diplomacy? Moral diplomacy was a foreign policy strategy proposed by President Woodrow Wilson that focused on supporting countries with democratic governments and values similar to the United States. Wilson believed that moral diplomacy would empower developing nations to become self-sustaining and democratic, rather than extending American power. 6.​ What is the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine? While the Monroe Doctrine said European countries should stay out of Latin America, the Roosevelt Corollary took this further to say the United States had the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries to keep European countries out. 7.​ What did anti-imperialists believe? The Anti-Imperialist League was a political organization that opposed the United States' annexation of the Philippines and other American expansionism in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It believed that forced expansion, militarization, and the creation of an overseas empire. They believed that imperialism violated the principle that just governments come from the consent of the governed. 8.​ What was A.T. Mahan’s naval doctrine? This doctrine is in essence that: (1) the United States should be a world power; (2) control of the seas is necessary for world power status; and (3) the way to maintain such control is by a fleet of powerful warships. 9.​ Why did the United States feel morally and culturally superior to its territories and protectorates? The U.S. used nationalism, military strength, nativism, and the belief in the superiority of christian anglo/saxon values to justify its annexation of territories and protectorates. 10.​What was the open door policy?  The Open Door Policy was a foreign policy established by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century that promoted equal trade and investment opportunities for all countries in China. The policy was intended to prevent any one country from gaining total control of China's trade. 11.​What were the three Cs of Roosevelt’s progressive era Square deal political platform? An easy way to remember Roosevelt's political program, which he called “the Square Deal,” is to know that it consisted of the “three C's:” consumer protections, corporate regulation, and conservation of natural resources. 12.​Why were women fighting for suffrage during the progressive era? The Progressive Era was a time of increased social reform and political activism that included the fight for women's suffrage. Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote. 13.​What were muckrakers? A muckraker is a journalist, writer, or photographer who uncovers and exposes corruption, wrongdoing, or scandal in society. The term is often used to describe the journalists and writers of the Progressive Era in the United States. 14.​What book did Ida Tarbell write? An American journalist, lecturer, and writer who is considered a pioneer of investigative journalism and a leading muckraker of the Progressive Era. Tarbell's reporting on the Standard Oil Company, published in her 1904 book “The History of the Standard Oil Company”, was a landmark example of muckraking. Her work led to the government prosecuting Standard Oil for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the company was ordered to break up into 34 smaller companies. 15.​Why was Jacob Riis a muckraker? A Danish-American social reformer, journalist, and photographer who used his work to expose the poor living conditions of New York City's impoverished residents. Riis published a celebrated book in 1890 called “How the Other Half Lives,” which documented the living conditions of the poor. He also wrote other books on similar topics. Riis's efforts led to the establishment of the Tenement House Commission in 1884. 16.​What did Upton Sinclair write about in his book, the jungle? A famous novelist and social crusader who pioneered the kind of journalism known as "muckraking." His best-known novel was "The Jungle" which was an expose of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. His work played a crucial role in raising public awareness about labor issues and food safety, influencing reforms during the Progressive Era and addressing the problems that emerged during the Gilded Age and resulted in the creation of the Food & Drug Administration and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. 17.​What kind of workplace reforms did progressive fight for? Progressives fought for shorter working hours, protections for children in the workplace, better healthcare, etc. 18.​Why did progressive want better schools for their children?  Progressives fought for better schools because a well educated population is better able to participate fully in a democracy - also better job prospects. 19.​Who was Booker T. Washington and what did he fight for? An American educator, author, and orator. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the primary leader in the African-American community. He founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; encouraged African Americans to learn trades and become economically self-sufficient before calling for equal rights. 20.​Who was W.E.B. Dubois and what organization did he found? An American sociologist, historian, author, editor, and activist who was the most important Black protest leader in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. He shared in the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. He thought Black Americans should demand access to equal rights. 21.​Who was Robert Lafollette and what was the Wisconsin idea? Robert La Follette was an influential American politician and reformer, known for his leadership in the Progressive Movement during the early 20th century. The Wisconsin Idea began as the principle that knowledge and education should be used to ensure that the people of the State could retain and exercise power in their government and economy - reliance on university experts to help make governmental decisions. 22.​What was the triangle shirtwaist fire and what changes resulted from it? The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which occurred on March 25, 1911, in New York City, was a devastating industrial disaster that killed 146 garment workers, mostly young women, due to locked exits and unsafe working conditions within the factory, leading to significant reforms in labor laws and worker safety regulations across the United States; considered a pivotal moment in American labor history. 23.​What did the 17th amendment do? The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution established the direct election of Senators by the people of each state, meaning that voters directly choose their Senators instead of state legislatures selecting them as was previously the case; this amendment is considered a key part of the Progressive Era movement aimed at increasing democratic participation. 24.​What did the 18th amendment do? The 18th Amendment refers to the constitutional amendment that established national Prohibition, effectively banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors in the United States, a result of the long-standing temperance movement; it was ratified in 1919 and went into effect on January 17, 1920, with the enforcement mechanism being the Volstead Act. 25.​What did the 19th amendment do? The 19th Amendment refers to the constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote, ratified on August 18, 1920, essentially stating that the right to vote cannot be denied based on sex; this marked the culmination of a long and arduous women's suffrage movement across the United States. 26.​What was the Zimmerman telegram?  The Zimmermann Telegram was a message sent by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, proposing a military alliance where Mexico would attack the United States in exchange for regaining lost territory like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if the US entered the war on the Allied side; this intercepted telegram played a key role in pushing the U.S. to join the war against Germany (WWI). 27.​What was unrestricted submarine warfare? Unrestricted submarine warfare was a German naval tactic used during World War I. Submarines would sink merchant ships without warning. Unrestricted submarine warfare had a significant impact on international relations and was one of the causes of the United States entering World War I. 28.​How did nationalism, alliances, and militarism result in World War I? Nationalism: The intense patriotic fervor and desire for national self-determination that existed across Europe, particularly in the Balkan region, which played a significant role in triggering WWI. Alliances: Alliances are formal agreements between nations to support each other, especially during war. In WWI, the major alliances were the "Triple Alliance" consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the "Triple Entente" made up of Great Britain, France, and Russia; the Triple Entente eventually became known as the Allies, fighting against the Central Powers (mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) during the war. Militarism: a political ideology where a nation prioritizes building and maintaining a strong military force, often with the intention of using it to aggressively advance national interests, which can lead to increased tensions and potential for conflict with other countries; it is considered a key factor in the lead-up to both World Wars, particularly the arms race between European powers before WWI. 29.​What was the clear and present danger test and why did it grow out of the supreme court's rulings on free speech? The "clear and present danger test" refers to a legal standard established by the Supreme Court in the 1919 case "Schenck v. United States," which allows the government to restrict speech when it poses a serious and immediate threat to national security, essentially meaning that speech can be limited if it creates a "clear and present danger" of causing harm 30.​What kinds of things did the Knights of labor and the National Labor Union fight for? Both groups were dedicated to improving working and living conditions for workers in the industrializing U.S. 31.​What was the impact of nativism on immigration? A political and social ideology that prioritizes the interests of native-born Americans over immigrants, often leading to discriminatory policies and movements aimed at limiting immigration. 32.​What was the Chinese exclusion act? A law passed in 1882 that effectively banned Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States, marking the first significant federal legislation to restrict immigration based on nationality and considered a landmark example of discriminatory legislation against Chinese immigrants; it was primarily driven by fears of economic competition and racial prejudice among American workers on the West Coast. 33.​Who was Andrew Carnegie and what was the gospel of wealth? A prominent industrialist who dominated the American steel industry during the late 19th century, known for his aggressive business practices, vertical integration strategies, and later, significant philanthropy through the "Gospel of Wealth" philosophy, where he advocated for wealthy individuals to distribute their wealth to society through charitable giving, particularly by funding libraries and educational institutions. 34.​Who was William Jennings Bryan and why did he write about a cross of gold? A prominent American politician and populist leader most recognized for his passionate advocacy for the "free silver" movement and delivering his famous "Cross of Gold" speech in which he advocated against the U.S. continuing to rely on the gold standard - use of gold as a basis for the economy. 35.​What kind of economic problems were caused by railroads during the 1890s? Railroads had a profound impact on westward expansion by providing the necessary infrastructure for settlers to travel to new territories. They enabled faster access to resources, markets, and land, making previously remote areas more attractive for settlement. During the Progressive era, railroads also became horizontally integrated which allowed them to charge farmers and ranchers high shipping rates and were (initially at least) subject to minimal government regulation.