Chemistry Unit 2 Test Review PDF

Chemistry Unit 2 Test Review **Definitions**: ***Solute** -* A dissolved substance (being dissolved) ***Solvent** -* A dissolving substance (dissolve other substances) ***Precipitate** -* Solid that forms from a liquid. (chemical reaction) ***Catalyst** -* Helps speed up the reaction without be...

Chemistry Unit 2 Test Review **Definitions**: ***Solute** -* A dissolved substance (being dissolved) ***Solvent** -* A dissolving substance (dissolve other substances) ***Precipitate** -* Solid that forms from a liquid. (chemical reaction) ***Catalyst** -* Helps speed up the reaction without being added to it. ***Liming** -* Using lime or calcium oxide to neutralize acidity in lakes. ***Smelting** -* Using heat & chemicals to extract a metal from an ore. ***Flash smelting** -* separating a metal from its ore by heating ore in an atmosphere of almost pure oxygen. (**Benefits**: reduced fuel cost and less pollution) ***Metallurgy***- is the technology of obtaining and refining metals. ***Flotation*** - is used to concentrate ore. ***Mining** -the* process of extracting useful minerals from the surface of the Earth. ***Remediation** -* the process of treating contaminated land or water so that it is safe for use again. ***Ore** -* rock containing a relatively high proportion of a desirable mineral. ***Mineral** -* a naturally occurring solid that has a definite crystal structure and chemical composition **[Law of conservation of mass]**: The mass of products must always equal the mass of reactants. **[Diatomic elements]**: H, O, F, Br, I, N, Cl. (When by itself always has a 2) Br(l) & I(s) **[Hydrocarbon]** - Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds of the elements carbon and hydrogen. **Complete combustion formula**: CxHy + O2 ➡ CO2 + H20 + energy **Incomplete combustion formula**: CxHy + O2 ➡ CO + CO2 + H2O + C + energy **Difference between the two**: ***Complete combustion*** is more efficient as it releases the most energy and cleanest flame. (full supply of oxygen) ***Incomplete combustion*** is dangerous as it produces carbon monoxide which can kill you. - **[Acidic Oxides]** - ***Carbon Dioxide***: **Carbo dioxide + water yields carbonic acid** CO2(g) 1 H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq) **Carbonic acid immediately breaks down in water** H2CO3(aq) → H1(aq) 1 HCO3 2(aq) - ***Nitrogen Oxides:*** - - - ***Sulpher dioxide***: - - - - - - - - **Neutralization reactions**: - Predicting products of a reaction: **[Acids]**: a chemical substance, usually a liquid, which contains hydrogen and can react with other substances to form salts. **[Bases]**: a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and neutralize an acid. **PH Level**- 1-6 = Acids 7 = neutralize 8-14 = base ***[Patters for types of reactions]***: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **[Activity series for metals and non-metals]**: **Metals**: Higher up = replaces... Li (most) Au (least). More apart (quicker reaction) Least apart (Slower reaction)  **Non-metals**: Halogens F (most reactive) then reactivity goes down as you go down. **Solubility table**: First 2 = (aq) products = 1 (aq) and 1 (s)\... if both products = (aq) NR  5 Questions from 5.5 - 5.7 ***[Types of Reactions]***: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ***[Balancing, predicting states and products, and identifying the type of reaction]***: **Predicting states**: [***Signs of a chemical change (in a lab)*:** ] 1. 2. 3. 4. **[Neutralization and baking]**: - - - - - **[Formation of acid rain (synthesis reaction)]**: Formed by Sulfur oxides - - - **[Acid rain effect on the environment]**: - - - - ***[Reaction Notes]***: **Left** - reactants **Right** - products **Catalyst** - Shown with an arrow (Helps speed up a reaction without being absorbed in the reaction)