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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of a solute in a solution?
What is the primary role of a solute in a solution?
Which of the following best describes a catalyst?
Which of the following best describes a catalyst?
Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces which of the following?
Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces which of the following?
What is the main risk associated with incomplete combustion?
What is the main risk associated with incomplete combustion?
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In a neutralization reaction, what is typically produced?
In a neutralization reaction, what is typically produced?
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Which of the following statements about diatomic elements is true?
Which of the following statements about diatomic elements is true?
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What is the characteristic of acidic oxides?
What is the characteristic of acidic oxides?
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Which process is used to concentrate ore?
Which process is used to concentrate ore?
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What is the primary purpose of liming in environmental chemistry?
What is the primary purpose of liming in environmental chemistry?
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Describe the main advantage of flash smelting compared to traditional smelting.
Describe the main advantage of flash smelting compared to traditional smelting.
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What occurs during the process of remediation?
What occurs during the process of remediation?
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Explain the significance of the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions.
Explain the significance of the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions.
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What is the difference between acidic oxides and neutral substances?
What is the difference between acidic oxides and neutral substances?
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How do hydrocarbon combustion reactions differ in energy release?
How do hydrocarbon combustion reactions differ in energy release?
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Define the term 'ore' in the context of metallurgy.
Define the term 'ore' in the context of metallurgy.
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What role do acids play in reactions and their typical products?
What role do acids play in reactions and their typical products?
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Study Notes
Definitions
- Solute: A dissolved substance; the substance being dissolved
- Solvent: A dissolving substance; the substance that dissolves other substances.
- Precipitate: Solid that forms from a liquid as a result of a chemical reaction.
- Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
- Liming: The process of using lime (calcium oxide) to neutralize acidity in lakes.
- Smelting: The process of extracting a metal from its ore using heat and chemicals.
- Flash smelting: A method of separating metal from its ore by heating the ore in an atmosphere of almost pure oxygen. Benefits include reduced fuel cost and less pollution.
- Metallurgy: The technology of obtaining and refining metals.
- Flotation: A method used to concentrate ore.
- Mining: The process of extracting valuable minerals from the Earth's surface.
- Remediation: The process of treating contaminated land or water to make it safe for use again.
- Ore: Rock containing a relatively high proportion of a desirable mineral.
- Mineral: A naturally occurring solid with a definite crystal structure and chemical composition.
Law of Conservation of Mass
- The total mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the total mass of the reactants.
Diatomic Elements
- Diatomic elements always exist as pairs of atoms when in a pure, uncombined state.
- Diatomic elements include: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Nitrogen (N), and Chlorine (Cl).
- Bromine (Br) exists as a liquid at room temperature, while Iodine (I) is a solid.
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Combustion
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Complete Combustion:
- Occurs when there is a full supply of oxygen.
- Produces carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy.
- Chemical equation: CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy.
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Incomplete Combustion:
- Occurs when there is a limited supply of oxygen.
- Produces carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), carbon (C), and energy.
- Chemical equation: CxHy + O2 → CO + CO2 + H2O + C + energy.
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Difference between complete and incomplete combustion:
- Complete combustion is more efficient, releasing the most energy and producing a clean flame.
- Incomplete combustion is dangerous because it produces carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas.
Acidic Oxides
-
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
- Chemical Equation: CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq)
- Carbonic acid then breaks down in water.
- Chemical Equation: H2CO3(aq) → H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
- Contribute to acid rain and air pollution.
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Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
- Reacts with water to form sulphurous acid (H2SO3).
- Contributes to acid rain and respiratory problems.
Neutralization Reactions
- A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base, producing a salt and water.
- The reaction between an acid and a base results in a neutral solution, with a pH close to 7.
Predicting Products of a Reaction
- Acids: Chemical substances, usually liquids, that contain hydrogen and can react with other substances to form salts.
- Bases: Substances that can accept hydrogen ions (H+) in water and neutralize an acid.
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pH Level:
- Acids: 1 to 6
- Neutral: 7
- Bases: 8 to 14
Patterns for Types of Reactions
- There are four main types of chemical reactions:
- Synthesis: Combining two or more reactants to form a single product.
- Decomposition: Breaking down a single reactant into two or more products.
- Single Displacement: One element replaces another element in a compound.
- Double Displacement: Two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds.
Definitions
- Solute: A substance that dissolves in a solvent.
- Solvent: A substance that dissolves a solute.
- Precipitate: A solid that forms from a liquid during a chemical reaction.
- Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
- Liming: Using lime (calcium oxide) to neutralize the acidity of lakes.
- Smelting: Using heat and chemicals to extract a metal from its ore.
- Flash smelting: Separating a metal from its ore by heating it in an atmosphere of almost pure oxygen. This method is more efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional smelting.
- Metallurgy: The technology of obtaining and refining metals.
- Flotation: A process used to concentrate ore by separating valuable minerals from unwanted materials.
- Mining: The process of extracting useful minerals from the Earth's surface.
- Remediation: The process of treating contaminated land or water to make it safe for use.
- Ore: Rock containing a relatively high proportion of a desirable mineral.
- Mineral: A naturally occurring solid with a definite crystal structure and chemical composition.
Key Laws and Concepts
- Law of Conservation of Mass: The total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction must equal the total mass of the products.
- Diatomic Elements: Certain elements exist as molecules containing two atoms when they are in their elemental state: H, O, F, Br, I, N, Cl.
Hydrocarbons and Combustion
- Hydrocarbon: A molecular compound composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Complete Combustion: A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy. This process is more efficient and produces a clean flame.
- Incomplete Combustion: A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen, but there is not enough oxygen available for complete combustion. This results in the production of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), carbon (C), and energy. This process is dangerous because it produces carbon monoxide, which is poisonous.
Acidic Oxides
-
Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
- Reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
- Carbonic acid quickly breaks down in water to form hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Contribute to acid rain and air pollution.
- Sulfur Dioxide ( SO2): Reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Also a significant contributor to acid rain.
Neutralization Reactions
- Acids and bases react with each other to form salt and water. These reactions release heat, which means they are exothermic.
Predicting Products of Reactions
- Acids: Chemical substances, usually liquids, that contain hydrogen and can react with other substances to form salts.
- Bases: Substances that can accept hydrogen ions in water and neutralize acids.
- pH Level: A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.
- 1-6: Acidic
- 7: Neutral
- 8-14: Basic
Patterns for Types of Reactions
- Synthesis: A reaction where two or more simpler substances combine to form a more complex substance.
- Decomposition: A reaction where a single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
- Single Displacement: A reaction where one element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Displacement: A reaction where the ions of two reactants switch places.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential chemistry concepts related to mining and metallurgy. This quiz covers terms such as solute, solvent, and processes like smelting and flotation. Perfect for students studying environmental science or chemistry in relation to the mining industry.
