Lesson 2 - Basic Chemistry PP (1).pdf

2023-09-12 BASIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 1 UNDERSTAND AND DISCUSS HOW CHEMISTRY IS INVOLVED IN THE HUMAN BODY IDENTIFY TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CHEMICAL BONDS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION...

2023-09-12 BASIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 1 UNDERSTAND AND DISCUSS HOW CHEMISTRY IS INVOLVED IN THE HUMAN BODY IDENTIFY TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CHEMICAL BONDS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION IDENTIFY THE FACTORS OF ENERGY AND EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES RECOGNIZE COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR SHORT FORMS DISCUSS THE PARTICLE THEORY AND ORBITAL MODEL THEORY COMPARE ORGANIC VS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THE COMMON TRAITS 2 1  2023-09-12 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Chemical Level Building blocks ( DNA, carbs., proteins) Cellular Level The basic unit of life Tissue Level ? Organ Level Groups of tissues working for the same outcome System Level ? 3 4 2  2023-09-12 CHEMISTRY: THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF A SUBSTANCE : THE WAY A SUBSTANCE CHANGES AND REACTS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES - MERRIAM WEBSTER ON- LINE DICTIONARY BIOCHEMISTRY: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIVING MATERIAL THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REACTIONS OF A PARTICULAR LIVING ORGANISM OR BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE - MERRIAM-WEBSTER ON-LINE DICTIONARY 5 MATTER – ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS (WEIGHT) MAY BE SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS MAY BE CHANGED PHYSICALLY OR CHEMICALLY ELEMENTS – THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF MATTER SEE APPENDIX B 6 3  2023-09-12 EXAMPLES IN THE HUMAN BODY: SOLIDS: LIQUIDS GASES: 7 ENERGY “…THE ABILITY TO DO WORK OR PUT MATTER INTO MOTION” (MARIEB, KELLER 2022, P 24) HAS NO MASS DOES NOT TAKE UP SPACE MEASURED BY ITS EFFECTS ON MATTER KINETIC VS. POTENTIAL 8 4  2023-09-12 “ALL LIVING THINGS ARE BUILT MATTER OF MATTER, AND TO GROW AND AND FUNCTION THEY REQUIRE ENERGY A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF ENERGY.” – ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 13TH EDITION, P24 9 TYPES OF ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY: ELECTRICAL ENERGY: MECHANICAL ENERGY: RADIANT ENERGY: 10 5  2023-09-12 KEY PRINCIPLES ENERGY IS NEITHER CREATED OR DESTROYED ENERGY IS CONVERTED CONVERSIONS ARE INEFFICIENT AND ENERGY IS “LOST” DURING CONVERSION 11 CHEMICAL ENERGY CHEMICALS STORE ENERGY IN BONDS BETWEEN CHEMICALS (ANABOLISM) ENERGY IS RELEASED BY BREAKING THE BONDS (CATABOLISM) ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED TO VARIOUS FORMS NERVE FOOD ADENOSINE ELECTRICAL TRI ENERGY PHOSPHATE HEAT 12 6  2023-09-12 CHEMICAL LEVEL THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS 13 ALL MATTER IS COMPOSED OF A LIMITED NUMBER OF SUBSTANCES CALLED ELEMENTS. ELEMENTS: UNIQUE SUBSTANCES THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER/SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY ORDINARY CHEMICAL MEANS. 118 IDENTIFIED (92 IN NATURE) I.E.: OXYGEN (O) CARBON (C) IRON (FE) 14 7  2023-09-12 THE PERIODIC TABLE HTTP://WWW.PTABLE.COM/DYNAMIC PERIODIC TABLE 15 16 8  2023-09-12 17 18 9  2023-09-12 REMEMBER: MATTER – ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS (WEIGHT) MAY BE SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS MAY BE CHANGED PHYSICALLY OR CHEMICALLY EACH ELEMENT IS AN EXAMPLE OF MATTER EACH ELEMENT IS COMPOSED OF (BASICALLY) IDENTICAL PARTS (BUILDING BLOCKS/PARTICLES) CALLED ATOMS 19 KEY TERMS ATOM: THE SMALLEST UNDIVIDABLE UNIT OF MATTER THE BUILDING BLOCKS THAT COMPOSE MOST ELEMENTS (CARBON = C) ALL ARE ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL MOLECULE: WHEN 2 OR MORE ATOMS UNITE. I.E. OXYGEN GAS (O2) COMPOUND: WHEN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ATOMS BIND. I.E. WATER (H2O) 20 10  2023-09-12 ATOMS WHAT IS INSIDE EACH ATOM (SUBATOMIC PARTICLES) HELPS DEFINE AND GIVE EACH ELEMENT IT’S UNIQUE PROPERTIES. THERE ARE 3 BASIC SUBATOMIC PARTICLES PROTONS (P+) NEUTRONS (N) ELECTRONS (E-) THE COMBINATION OF THESE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES (NUMBERS, WEIGHT, INTERACTION) GIVE THE ELEMENT PROPERTIES 21 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES PROTONS (P+) POSITIVE CHARGE, HEAVY MASS (1 ATOMIC MASS UNIT=AMU) FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS NEUTRONS (N) NO CHARGE, HEAVY MASS (1 AMU) FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS ELECTRONS (E-) NEGATIVE CHARGE, VIRTUALLY 0 MASS (0 AMU) FOUND IN THE ORBITALS OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS EQUAL TO NUMBER OF PROTONS 22 11  2023-09-12 23 ATOMIC NUMBER: EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IT CONTAINS I.E. CARBON = 6, NITROGEN = 7 ATOMIC MASS: THE SUM OF THE MASSES OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS SUPERSCRIPT TO THE LEFT OF THE ATOMIC SYMBOL 24 12  2023-09-12 HOW MANY ELECTRONS IN: CARBON (C) OXYGEN (O) NITROGEN (N) IRON (FE) 25 ISOTOPES: STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS OF SOME ELEMENTS HAVE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS (THIS INCREASES THE WEIGHT!) 26 13  2023-09-12 THE ORBITAL MODEL A MODEL USED TO DESCRIBE THE GENERAL LOCATION OF THE SUBATOMIC MATTER IN AN ATOM ELECTRON CLOUD: REGIONS WHERE ELECTRONS ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE FOUND DEPICTED AS LAYERS NUCLEUS: REGION WHERE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE LOCATED LOCATION OF HIGHEST DENSITY 27 28 14  2023-09-12 29 THE ORBITAL MODEL: ELECTRON CLOUDS: THE AREA ELECTRONS ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE FOUND THERE ARE UP TO 7 LAYERS (SHELLS) OF CLOUDS LAYER 1 IS CLOSEST TO THE NUCLEUS AND HOLDS 2 ELECTRONS AT MOST ELECTRONS IN LAYER 1 ARE MOST STRONGLY ATTRACTED TO THE NUCLEUS (+ CHARGE) ATTRACTION DECREASES MOVING AWAY FROM THE NUCLEUS 30 15  2023-09-12 VALENCE SHELL THE OUTER MOST ELECTRON SHELL/LAYER ELECTRONS HERE DETERMINE THE CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE ATOM IF THERE ARE 8 ELECTRONS IN A VALENCE SHELL IS IT INERT IF THERE ARE LESS THAN 8 ELECTRONS IN THIS OUTER SHELL THIS ATOM WILL TEND TO GAIN, LOSE OR SHARE ELECTRONS TO REACH A STABLE STATE THIS IS WHEN BONDS ARE FORMED!! 31 32 16  2023-09-12 CHEMICAL REACTIONS REACTIONS THAT OCCUR WHEN ATOMS COMBINE OR SEPARATE (DISSOCIATE) FROM OTHER ATOMS. WHEN ATOMS “UNITE” CHEMICAL BONDS ARE FORMED ELECTRONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF BONDS! 33 RECALL: MOLECULE: WHEN 2 OR MORE ATOMS UNITE. I.E. OXYGEN GAS (O2) COMPOUND: WHEN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ATOMS BIND. I.E. WATER (H2O) 34 17  2023-09-12 PRINICPLES OF BONDS: ELEMENTS AND MOLECULES INTERACT TO FORM A STABLE COMPOUND OPPOSITES ATTRACT… BONDS FORM BETWEEN MOLECULES, STORING ENERGY. WHEN THE BONDS ARE BROKEN ENERGY IS RELEASED. FORMING COMPOUNDS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES 35 CHEMICAL REACTIVITY: RULE OF EIGHTS: ATOMS WILL INTERACT IN A WAY THAT RESULTS IN 8 ELECTRONS IN THEIR VALENCE SHELL. (A FULL VALENCE SHELL) EXCEPTION: THE FIRST ELECTRON SHELL (CLOSEST TO THE NUCLEUS) HAS ROOM FOR 2 ELECTRONS ONLY, THUS IT IS FULL WITH 2 ELECTRONS 36 18  2023-09-12 IONIC BONDS IONIC BONDS A BOND THAT FORMS BETWEEN TWO MOLECULES WHEN ONE MOLECULE DONATES AN ELECTRON TO ANOTHER. DONATES = COMPLETELY TRANSFERS ELECTRON(S) FROM ONE ATOM TO ANOTHER THIS RESULTS IN UNEQUAL CHARGES ON EACH ATOM THE RESULTING CHARGED PARTICLES ARE CALLED IONS 37 IONS REMEMBER: ATOMS ARE NORMALLY ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL (PROTONS = ELECTRONS) DURING BONDING ELECTRONS MAY BE GAINED OR LOST, THIS LEAVES ATOMS WITH AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE IT MAY BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE DEPENDING ON IF IT GAVE AWAY OR ACCEPTED AN ELECTRON. IONS = PARTICLES WITH AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE 38 19  2023-09-12 FIGURE 2.6 FORMATION OF AN IONIC Slide 1 BOND. + – Na Cl Na Cl Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–) (11p+; 12n0; 11e–) (17p+; 18n0; 17e–) Sodium chloride (NaCl) 39 WHEN AN ATOM GIVES AWAY AN ELECTRON (NEGATIVE CHARGE) IT THEN IS LEFT WITH MORE PROTONS THEREFORE HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE (+). THIS IS A CATION. WHEN AN ATOM ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON IT RESULTS IN AN EXTRA ELECTRON AND THUS HAS A NEGATIVE CHARGE BECAUSE OPPOSITES ATTRACT THESE TWO ATOMS STAY CLOSE TOGETHER = IONIC BOND 40 20  2023-09-12 COVALENT BONDS THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS TO FORM A STABLE STATE. ELECTRONS CAN BE SHARED IN A WAY THAT EACH ATOM IS ABLE TO FILL ITS VALENCE SHELL AT LEAST SOME OF THE TIME. 2 H SHARE ELECTRONS TO BECOME H2 THE SHARING MAY BE EQUAL BETWEEN ELEMENTS NON-POLAR OR THE SHARING MAY BE UNEQUAL = POLAR 41 42 21  2023-09-12 43 POLAR VS. NON-POLAR 44 22  2023-09-12 HYDROGEN BONDS WEAK BOND BETWEEN A HYDROGEN AND 2 ELECTRON HUNGRY ELEMENTS HYDROGEN IS THE BRIDGE BETWEEN THE TWO PLAYS A KEY ROLE WITHIN THE BODY! 45 46 23  2023-09-12 CHEMICAL REACTIONS THE MAKING OR BREAKING OF BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS TOTAL NUMBER OF ATOMS REMAIN THE SAME BUT MAY APPEAR IN NEW COMBINATIONS 3 COMMON PATTERNS: SYNTHESIS DECOMPOSITION EXCHANGE 47 PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: SYNTHESIS: TWO OR MORE MOLECULES COMBINE TO FORM A LARGER MORE COMPLEX COMPOUND A + B → AB 48 24  2023-09-12 PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: DECOMPOSITION WHEN A MOLECULE IS BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER PARTS BONDS ARE BROKEN AND ENERGY IS RELEASED. AB → A + B 49 PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: EXCHANGE BONDS ARE BOTH BROKEN AND MADE WHILE A SWITCH OCCURS BETWEEN MOLECULE PARTS AB + C → AC + B AB + CD → AD + CB 50 25  2023-09-12 FACTORS INFLUENCING REACTIONS: METHODS THAT INCREASE THE COLLISION OF MOLECULES (SPEED AND STRENGTH) INCREASE REACTIONS TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES PARTICLE SIZE PRESENCE OF A CATALYST 51 A LITTLE BIT OF …. BIOCHEMISTRY 52 26  2023-09-12 COMPOUNDS INORGANIC ORGANIC NO CARBON CARBON-CONTAINING SMALL LARGE SIMPLE COMPLEX FEW EXCEPTIONS: COVALENT BONDING (CARBON DIOXIDE GAS (CO2) AND CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) 53 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS HAVE NO CARBON PRESENT * OFTEN SMALL AND SIMPLE COMPOUNDS NECESSARY FOR LIFE I.E. WATER, SALTS, SOME ACIDS AND BASES 54 27  2023-09-12 INORGANIC COMPOUND: WATER WATER MOST ABUNDANT INORGANIC COMPOUND IN THE BODY MAKES UP 2/3 OF BODY WEIGHT HAS MANY VITAL FUNCTIONS 55 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WATER (H2O) FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES HIGH HEAT CAPACITY POLARITY/SOLVENT PROPERTIES CHEMICAL REACTIVITY LUBRICANT SHOCK ABSORBER 56 28  2023-09-12 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: SALTS SALTS COMPOUNDS THAT BOND BY DONATING OR ACCEPTING ELECTRONS (IONS) NACL → NA+ + CL¯ CATIONS: POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS ANIONS: NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS 57 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS MANY ACIDS AND BASES ACIDS: RELEASES H+ IN SOLUTION PROTON DONATOR I.E. HCL → H+ + CL¯ STRONG: DIVIDE (IONIZE) ALMOST COMPLETELY IN SOLUTION, RELEASE LOTS OF PROTONS (H+) WEAK: DIVIDE (IONIZE) MINIMALLY IN SOLUTION, RELEASE ONLY FEW PROTONS IN SOLUTION INVOLVE H+ (HYDROGEN ION, ACID) 58 29  2023-09-12 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS BASES: RELEASES OH- IN SOLUTION PROTON ACCEPTOR DISSOCIATE IN WATER I.E. NAOH → NA+ + OH¯ STRONG: ? WEAK: ? INVOLVE OH- (HYDROXYL ION, BASE) 59 PH SCALE THE RELATIVE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN (H+) ACID AND HYDROXYL (OH-) BASE IN SOLUTION BUFFERS CHEMICALS THAT CAN REGULATE PH CHANGE 60 30  2023-09-12 PH SCALE MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF H+ OR OH- IN SOLUTION EACH SUCCESSIVE CHANGE OF 1 PH UNIT REPRESENTS A TENFOLD CHANGE IN HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION SCALE OF 0 TO 14 7 IS MID-POINT = [H+] = [OH-] = NEUTRAL 0 – 6.9 = ACIDIC (MORE H+ THAN OH- IN SOLUTION) 7.1 – 14 = BASIC (AKA ALKALINE) 61 WHY DO WE CARE? LIVING CELLS ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO PH THE BODY WORKS HARD TO KEEP A GOOD BALANCE (HOMEOSTASIS). BUFFERS: CHEMICAL METHODS IN THE BODY THAT WORK TO MAINTAIN A GOOD PH BALANCE 62 31  2023-09-12 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SUBSTANCES THAT CONTAIN CARBON LARGE, COVALENTLY BONDED CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS 63 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES CONTAIN CARBON (C), HYDROGEN (H), OXYGEN (O) INCLUDE SUGARS AND STARCHES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR SIZE PROVIDE EASILY USABLE ENERGY ENERGY NOT USED IS STORED 64 32  2023-09-12 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS LIPIDS A.K.A. FATS INSOLUBLE IN WATER DISSOLVE IN OTHER LIPIDS AND INORGANIC SOLVENTS I.E. TRIGLYCERIDES, STEROIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS 65 LIPIDS: TRIGLYCERIDES MOST ABUNDANT SOURCE OF USABLE ENERGY MOST CONCENTRATED 2 BUILDING BLOCKS: FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL STORED IN FAT DEPOSITS, HELP INSULATE AND PROTECT 66 33  2023-09-12 LIPIDS: PHOSPHOLIPIDS ALWAYS CONTAIN A PHOSPHORUS (P) GLYCEROL PLUS 2 FATTY ACID CHAINS AND A PHOSPHORUS- CONTAINING GROUP PHOSPHOROUS REGION (HEAD) HAS AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE FATTY ACID REGION (TAIL) HAS NO CHARGE 67 LIPIDS: STEROIDS FLAT MOLECULES FOUR INTERLOCKING RINGS FAT SOLUBLE USED TO FORM VITAMIN D, HORMONES, AND BILE SALTS 68 34  2023-09-12 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PROTEINS MADE OF SMALL BUILDING BLOCKS – AMINO ACIDS= AMINE GROUP (NH2) AND ACID GROUP (COOH) MANY VARIED FUNCTIONS – BUILDING BLOCKS (STRUCTURAL PROTEINS), CELL FUNCTIONS (FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS) P.51, TABLE 2.6 ENZYMES 69 PROTEINS: ENZYMES ACTS AS A CATALYST IN THE BODY INCREASES THE RATE OF A REACTION WITHOUT BECOMING A PART OF THE PRODUCT RE-USABLE 70 35  2023-09-12 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS NUCLEIC ACIDS MAKE UP GENES (BLUEPRINTS FOR LIFE) COMPOSED OF CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS ATOMS. COMPLEX BUILDING BLOCKS TWO MAJOR KINDS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) 71 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) GENETIC MATERIAL FOUND IN CELL NUCLEUS. LONG, COILED, DOUBLE CHAIN BASES: A AND T,G AND C SUGAR: DEOXYRIBOSE HYDROGEN BONDS HOLD CHAIN TOGETHER ROLES: 1) REPLICATE ITSELF BEFORE CELL DIVISION 2) PROVIDE INSTRUCTION FOR BUILDING EVERY PROTEIN 72 36  2023-09-12 IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c 73 RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) MOSTLY OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS CARRIES OUT ORDERS OF DNA TAKES CODED INFORMATION TRANSFORMS FOR “TRANSPORT” THEN DECODES INSTRUCTIONS FOR “FACTORY WORKERS” SINGLE STRAND BASES: A AND U, G AND C SUGAR: RIBOSE THREE VARIETIES: MESSENGER (MRNA), RIBOSOMAL (RRNA) AND TRANSFER (TRNA) 74 37  2023-09-12 ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ATP PROVIDES A CHEMICAL FORM OF ENERGY USABLE BY ALL BODY CELLS NECESSARY FOR LIFE PROCESSES ENERGY IS STORED IN BONDS OF ATP 75 HOW ATP DRIVES CELLULAR WORK Figure 2.19 76 38  2023-09-12 QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? CONCERNS? COMMENTS? 77 39