Chemistry Midterms PDF

CHEMISTRY !i!- !11 !  108 06-24]...

CHEMISTRY !i!- !11 !  108 06-24] - "MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES " property : - Qualitative , Quantitative · taste · volume · Odor · mass · etc. · etc. - chemical property · if itreversed/irreversible (ex: oil w/ any type of food ) can't be. Physical property - can be reversible (ex : salad) · 4 Elements Heraclitus (fire) [source of Energy] - (Particulate Nature - Thales of Miletus (water) Of Matter) - Anaximenes (Air) - Epidocles (earth) (also named EMPEDOCIES] · also said 4 elements must be balanced or else CHAOS Lucippus & · Luccippus is the teacher and Democritus Democritus is the student. Democritus they - called it atoms (atomus). - All matter are all made out of atoms (atomus). all atoms are uncuttable. In order to make matter need to break /not cut) and create through atoms you'll. - atoms are in constant motion around the "void" Or what you call space. [this is a fact - - atoms solely solid [this is debatable? are. - atoms are uniform without internal structure [this info is wrong I. - atoms comes in different shapes and sizes. ePIcuRUS Of-spread LeD ideology of atoms. samos-calls the ideology "atomism" where it says that matter is made up of atoms. - says atoms have different weights. - atoms have the same speed regardless of the size. ePIRUCUS Of -spread LeD ideology of atoms. samos-calls the ideology "atomism" where it says that matter is made up of atoms. - says atoms have different weights. - atoms have the same speed regardless of the size. made the ideology of the ether what call "the 5th element" Aristotle : or they - Aether is said to be found outside of earth. - says that elements can transform/transformed to one another States of Solid-almost inscompressible [vibrates in a fixed position] Matter : can't slide past each other High density - -  Liquid - particles not arranged in a rigid manner slides past each other medium density - - - expands whenheated Gas-can expand to fill any volume Bose Einstein Condensate compressible - low density - - cloud of bosons is cooled to temps. near absolute zero [T = 0 k (kelvin)] Plasma-formed by heating - Bosons are a type of elementary particle and ionizing gas of matter - made up of (7) e (t) charged ions 108 06-24] - "MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES " ARISTOTLE : - Matter can be divided into without changing the fundamental proportions. · Matter, is made up of 4 elements in different propositions. MATTER : - Anything that is occupying space and mass. - consists Of : · atoms are a definite entity isingular , · molecules , combination of 2 or more elements [that are both NOT MeTAL] - bounded together by covelent bonds. · Ions is a charged particle. - * metal + Non-metal (t) cation 1) anion positive ion negative ion 08-19-24 "Phase change" m gas ( as +he - Liquid temperature - as condensation rises ] solid -Liquid freezing melting vaporization - solid - Fu [heat I energy solid to liquid : fusion (melting) liquid to gas : vaporization gas to solid : desposition gas to liquid : condensation solid to gas : Sublimation liquid to solid : freezing Intermolecular happens when phases change [research later] - force : Kinetic Molecular classic model thermodynamic of the behavior of gases. Gresearch - later Theory : - where gas is negligible Propertiesof physical without changing composition [does - not change inside? Matter : ex : phase , color solubility density , , chemical changing composition (does change with inside[ - ex : Toxicity flammability oxidation state , , properties of extensive (extrinsic) amount/quantitative - Matter : ex : mass length size etc., , , intensive (intrinsic) quality / qualitative - exidensity , color, melting and boiling point classification variable : non-variable : of Matter : different from same from one another - eachother I # pure substances mixture singuishable e inms Heterogenous I Homogenous I NO Thes * different phases single phase elements o compounds e uniform in e not uniform in phases appearance. ams [surfactant are active ingridients of soap e detergents? separation - washing : remove impurities techniques : - Decauting different in density : (physical] - Distillation : volatility filtrationSeparate insoluble solid from liquid : - mobile phase (either liquid or gas] chromatography : · - Stationary phase (solid] ·  "Measurements" measurements : - to analyze compare and compute , , ↳Accuracy : - how close a measurement is to accepted value. - It is impossible to be accurate - How close did we measure to the accepted value ↳ precision : - closeness of the measurements within a set of data. "One should " - Rather be precise than accurate - How close is the measurement from the set data "Significant figures" How to Determine A : Find the decimal point significant figure the position of the significant figure location of the zero [insignificant) and the non-zero digit [significant ? · If the number has a proper unit (mm , ml km , , m, tbsp letc ] then it is. a significant. eX 543 6. - 4 significant figures 205 - 5 significant figures /O is in between two SF] 1000 1 significant figure (O's are not between any SF/no - decimal) 200 0 4 Signifant figures [there is a decimal!. - 0 01-1 significant figure (O's are Before the first SF]. · All non-zeros are significant · Zerols are significant when : · Zero is NOT significant when it > - Between Non-zero digits is before the first Non-zero digit. > - At the end with a decimal point Of Figures" 11 Operation Significant Why the Leasi ? If the equation(? ) has (t) or (-) then the final Answer based on the Leasi because the more Least DecimAL Number. you add the more · If the equation has (X) or (i) then the final answer based on the inaccurate You ARC. LeAST Significant figure #2 decimal places 4 SigFis ↳- - LEAST DECIMAL ( +, - =18 2. 103 8 -. 125 17 mm. 129 Omm +. + 52 2 mm. 1 , 069km-153 17km. - 504 6 km. · = 85 6. = 306 37mm w = 411 23 km ↳ -.. = 306 4 mm = 411km -rounded - Hindi irorouna. Off Kasi saequation O Least Decimal place is merong 1 decimal place LEAST DECIMAL PLACE off because I is 1 the  1 "Scientific Notations - final Answer is Alway between 1 and 9. /numbers that are 10 or more are wrong] if the number is greater than 9... ---- More decimal to the Right Move decimal to left J (t) (th and Subtract 1 to the and Add 1 to exponent exponent 105 13 5x105 10 = 13 5. X =. = 1 35 X. u by L is more than 9 Add move to left = 506 785X109. * Reversed Reversed = 506785x109 = 5 29x10 - 3 = 1 130 x 103 -- (.. = 5. 0785x189 = 0 00529. = 1130 ( ). [imagenary - - Scientific Notation standard Decimal] Notation Of 11 operation" Scientific Notations" LEAST DECIMAL ( +, - D1 Sure Make exponents are equal or the same C.. Perform 2 the Operation 3 Make. sure that the equation is proper (meaning. number from 1-9] = (134 3. x 103) + (18 2 105). x - 134 3. x 103 + 18 2 x105. = 1343000 + 18200000 = 19543x105 - x = 1 9543x106. = 1. 9x100 or 1 10. x 10 LEAST SigFi(X , i). Perform the 1 Operation = (33 11 x 103) (129 1.. x 104). 2 if (x) add exponents = 4274 501x107. S - L more if (7) minus exponents / than 9. Make sure 3 that the answer is Proper. = 4. 275x1010 = 506. 85 x 106 = 809. 56x103 = (8590. 11 x 103) = (200 96x108). = 0 626. x103 = 42. 445x18- - mu & L Less than I more than a = 6 26 x102. = 4. 28x10- MASS : - is definite volume : - occupies space - how much can an object weight ? [least SigFi Rule] - A sure way to know an object weight is with Water Displacement. equation : Length X width x height Temperature/Heat [0c : , K , oF) - the average thermal energy - [potency ??? total kinetic energy ] specific Gravity : equation : density : Volume - the final answer is a significant figure. Density : equation : mass volume - the final answer is a significant figure.