General Chemistry 1 Module 1 PDF

General Chemistry 1 Module 1 Matter and its Properties Prepared by: Kristel P. Mendoza, LPT, MAEd Subject Teacher 1 kpme...

General Chemistry 1 Module 1 Matter and its Properties Prepared by: Kristel P. Mendoza, LPT, MAEd Subject Teacher 1 kpmendoza2024 INTRODUCTION What is matter? From your junior high school, you knew that matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. But what constitutes matter on the microscopic level? Understanding matter is the foundation of understanding chemistry in general. It is important for you to grasp the particle nature of matter to understand its properties and its various forms. We will start this journey in understanding matter on the microscopic level. This module is a step by step process that will help you understand the particle nature of matter, its states, properties and classifications. Read and understand the concepts. Follow each of the instructions given and DO NOT SKIP anything from this module. You are expected to be actively involved in the learning process by filling out in the blanks, tables or boxes that require your answers. You are also tasked to perform the laboratory activity provided. Learning Goals: 1. Recognize that substances are made up of smaller particles (STEM_GC11MPIa- b-1); 2. Describe the arrangement, relative spacing, and relative motion of the particles in each of the three phases of matter (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-2) 3. Define physical and chemical properties and list examples (STEM_GC11MPIa-b- 3); 4. Identify intensive and extensive properties and list examples (STEM_GC11MPIa- b-4); 5. Identify the classifications of matter (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-6-8); 6. Perform a simple paper chromatography to separate mixtures (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12). At the end of this module, you will be tasked to summarize what you have learned using a guided concept map. You are also tasked to assess your performance based on the learning goals. Are you ready? Please find a place where you can focus and concentrate on 2 kpmendoza2024 studying. Prepare your pen and notebook if you wish to take notes. Let us begin! Pre-Assessment To test yourself how much you already know about the topic, answer the following questions. Write your answer on the provided blanks. 1. Which state of matter has the LEAST particle interaction? _________________ 2. Which state of matter has the STRONGEST molecular attraction? _________________ 3. Which state of matter is made up of ionized gases? _________________ 4. Which state of matter is stable at very low temperature up to -273.15 C? _________________ 5. What happens to solid particles when temperature is increased? _________________ Engage Before we start, try this simple activity. 1. Get three used plastic bags and place a stone in the first bag and tie it. 2. Fill the second bag with water and tie the bag. 3. For the third bag blow an air to it and then tie the bag. 4. Compare the shapes of the three bags. Are they the same? Why do you think so? Do not discard the bags as you will need it in the succeeding activities. Part A. The States of Matter Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Thus, the objects that you see are considered matter. Even your own body is chemically and physically considered as matter because you occupy a certain space and you have a distinct mass. What constitutes matter? The smallest unit of matter is called atom or 3 kpmendoza2024 particle. The particle nature of matter assumes that all matter is made up of particles and they are identical or uniform. The particles have certain arrangements and spaces between them and increasing or decreasing the temperature affects the arrangement of particles. In other words, the arrangements, attraction and interaction of these atoms or particles greatly affect the property and energy of the matter. Learning Goal 1. Discuss what constitutes matter. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Very Good! Now proceed to the next discussion. As an example, imagine a piece of ice cube. Heating it increases the temperature of the ice tube and its particles melt and turn into liquid water. Further addition of heat will turn the liquid water in water vapor or gas. The different arrangements and energies of matter influence its phases or states. In other words, particles that have high attraction with each other form a solid matter; particles with comparable attraction form a liquid matter while particles with low attraction form a gas. Solids have low kinetic energy because the particles are fixed in the position but on the molecular level, these particles vibrate. Liquids have a comparable kinetic because the liquid particles can move or “slide” each other energy while gas particles have the high kinetic energy because the particles are freely moving. If applicable, you may go to the following website and explore on the simulation https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of- matter-basics to understand more about the particle nature of matter. You may also access the ff link https://youtu.be/o4L4zTklznk for a recorded video tutorial on how to navigate PHET simulation 4 kpmendoza2024  Learning Goal 2. In your own words, describe the arrangement, spacing and relative motion of the particles in the states of matter. Go back to the engage activity and use the bags with different phases of matter as your reference. Solid Liquid Gas Particle arrangement Particle Spacing Motion of Particles Very Good! Now let us further discuss the properties of solids and liquids. The table below summarizes the properties of solid, liquid and gas. Table 1. Properties of the Phases of matter. Solids Liquids Gas Have definite shape and volume Have no definite shape but have Have no definite shape but have definite volume definite volume Particles are closely packed and Particles are closer to one another There are large spaces between cannot move freely Can move or slide each other the particles and can move freely Attraction between particles is Attraction between particles is Weal particle attraction strong strong compares to gas Particles move fast at random motion in a straight path manner Particles are held by strong forces Particles are held by stronger Particles are held by weak forces compared to gases forces Incompressible slightly compressible Compressible and exerts pressure 5 kpmendoza2024  There are two more states of matter in this discussion. These are the plasma and the Bose-Einstein Condensate. Plasma is a form of an ionized gas or gas that has been subjected to high temperature such that its atoms split into ions. Examples of plasma are the sun and the stars, lightning, aurora or the northern lights and the solar wind. Basically, plasma is considered the most common state of matter in the universe Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) is called as the fifth state of matter discovered by Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein in 1920. BEC is a gas made up of subatomic particles or bosons at low densities is cooled to a very low temperature close to absolute 0 or -273.15 °C. BEC was first successfully synthesized by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in1995. Well done! Now you are ready for the next part! Part B. Properties of Matter You may also access the ff link https://youtu.be/R1eBenS5IBE for a recorded video tutorial of the lesson 1. Physical Properties Physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. All of the senses (i.e. touch, smell, taste, sight) can be used to observe physical properties such as shape and size. Mass, volume and amount of energy are also physical properties. It is because changing the mass or volume of a substance does not change the substance’s identity. a. Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well electric currents move through a substance. b. Thermal conductivity is the rate at which a substance transfers heat. 6 kpmendoza2024  c. Density is the measure of the amount of mass in a given amount of volume d. Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. e. Malleability is the ability of a substance to be rolled or pounded into various shapes. f. Magnetic attraction is also a physical property that can be observed when metal attracts another metal g. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid. h. The shine, or luster, of a metal can be easily observed. How it reflects light i. The boiling point of a substance is the point at which the substance boils. 2. Chemical Properties A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to change into a new substance with different properties. Chemical properties can be identified by the changes they produce. In other words, chemical property accompanies the production of a new substance. For example, when a metal rusts or tarnish is a chemical property. When a metal rusts or tarnishes, it changes to a different substance. a. Flammability is the ability of a substance to burn. b. Reactivity is the ability of a substance to interact with another substance and form one or more new substances. Moreover, a change in color or odor is an indication of chemical change. While changing the size and shape of matter is an indication of physical change. To summarize, physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of a substance. Chemical properties can be observed only by changing the identity of a substance. 7 kpmendoza2024  Learning Goal 3. Define physical and chemical properties and list the examples for each. Properties of matter Definition Examples Physical Chemical Very good! You can now proceed to the next part. Part C. Intensive and Extensive Properties 1. Intensive Property This is a physical property that does not depend on the amount of substance. For example, liquid water has the same density of 1 g/ml no matter if it is 1liter or 1 drop only. A copper wire will have the same thermal conductivity and melting point whether its length is 1 centimeter or 100 meters. 2. Extensive Property This is a physical property that depends on the amount of substance. Some examples are length, volume, mass, number of moles and weight. Learning Goal 4. Define extensive and intensive properties and list the examples for each. Physical Properties of Definition Examples matter Extensive Intensive Excellent! Now you are ready for the next topic. 8 kpmendoza2024  Part D. Classification of Matter Study the following diagram showing the different classifications of matter. Learning Goal 5. Identify the classification of matter by filling the blanks. Based from the diagram above, matter is subdivided into _______________ and _______________. _______________ are classification of matter having a definite composition and properties. A pure substance is subdivided into an element or a compound. _______________is a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler components and composed of one type of atom only. The elements in the periodic table are included in this category such as the hydrogen atom, carbon atom and oxygen atoms. _______________ are pure substances that is made up of two or more atoms combined chemically such as water H2O, carbon dioxide CO2 and oxygen gas O2. When two or more substances having different composition are combined it is called _______________. A _______________ mixture is uniform in appearance and has only one phase and cannot be separated using physical means. A _______________ mixture has two or more phases and can be separated using different methods such as filtration, distillation, centrifugation and chromatography. Great job! Now you can proceed performing your first laboratory activity. Make sure to do the activity in a safe place in your home. Be careful when using sharp objects like scissors. Clean up your work space after the activity. Use the attached worksheet at page 14-15. 9 kpmendoza2024 Use the following rubric to rate your performance after performing the experiment. 5 4 3 2 The resulting The resulting The resulting The resulting Quality of chromatograph is straight, chromatograph is straight, chromatograph is curved, chromatograph has a very chromatograph clean, and the streak is with minor smudges and with obvious smudges and obvious smudges and the clear somewhat clear the streak is unclear streak is unclear Complete documentation, Provided a documentation, Provided an incomplete Provided a documentation, Documentation with drawings or pictures with drawings or pictures. documentation, with lacking the important and provided short drawings or pictures. details description. Provided a comprehensive Provided a discussion and Provided a discussion and Provided a discussion and Discussion discussion and answered answered the guide answered some of the answered some of the all the guide questions questions with minor guide questions with minor guide questions with correctly incorrect concepts. incorrect concepts. major incorrect concepts. Procedures are correctly Procedures are followed as Procedures are followed as Procedures are not Correct Procedure followed as exemplified in with some minor problems with major problems as followed as with some the results as exemplified in the results exemplified in the results major problems as exemplified in the results 10 kpmendoza2024 Learning Goal 6 Home Laboratory Activity No. 1 Paper Chromatography Essential Question: Are inks pure substances or mixtures? I. Objectives After performing the activity, you should be able to: 1. Define chromatography; 2. Set up a simple paper chromatography experiment 3. Separate mixtures using chromatography 4. Explain the principles of separation of mixtures using chromatography II. Materials Filter paper strips 3 clear plastic cups preferably recycled Green ball pen ink, black ball pen, purple ball pen (any color) Ruler Plastic wrap Isopropyl alcohol Popsicle stick/barbecue stick Masking Tape III. Procedure 1. Draw a 1cm line from the bottom of the paper. This is the start line. 2. Tape one end of filter paper on a straw so that filter paper hangs down when the Popsicle stick/barbecue stick is on top horizontally on the cup. 3. Blot about 5 mm of the sample on the filter paper just above the start line. 4. Pour isopropyl alcohol into the plastic cup up to 1 cm deep. 5. Place the filter paper on the cup. Make sure that the dot/ sample is above the liquid. 6. Cover SET A with plastic wrap. For SET B, do not cover. Observe after 5-10 minutes. IV. Results/ Outputs Take pictures and print your step by step procedure and results for documentation if applicable. You may also draw the set ups and resulting chromatograph 11 kpmendoza2024  Application (Differentiated Activity) Now that we have discussed the topic about matter and its properties, you may choose one activity to apply what you have learned in this module. 1. Suppose you are physicist in NASA and studies about Bose-Einstein condensate. Conduct a research about BEC and create a presentation or visual aid about the topic. Be ready to discuss your topic with your family members as the audience. 5 4 3 Content The content is The content includes The content lacks important comprehensive and concepts and information concepts and information complete. Added related but not comprehensive information Presentation/Visual The presentation/visual aid The presentation/visual aid The presentation/visual aid Aid contains appropriate contains graphics, with lacks appropriate graphics, graphics, proper lay outing minor issues in lay outing improper lay outing and and choice of color and choice of color choice of color Delivery The delivery is excellent The delivery is satisfactory The delivery lacks and the concepts are well and the concepts are elaboration of concepts explained. explained with minor errors 2. Suppose you are a home décor designer, create a home decoration made up of recyclable materials that is inspired by the particle arrangement of solid, liquid and gas. 5 4 3 Design inspiration The design follows the The design follows the The design did not follow inspiration of the particle inspiration of the particle the inspiration of the arrangement of solid or liquid arrangement of solid or particle arrangement of or gas and executed correctly liquid or gas with minor solid or liquid or gas with error in execution very obvious error in execution Use of Recyclable Maximized the use of recycle Used new materials, 70% - Used new materials, only materials materials, 100% made from 90% made from recycled less than 50% made from recycled materials materials recycled materials Creativity Shows innovation and Shows unconventional Shows conventional design unconventional design design aesthetics aesthetics aesthetics 12 kpmendoza2024 Concept Mapping Summarize the topics by providing the important concepts and relevant information in the guided concept map below. Values Integration Just like the particles in solid, liquid and gas, how can you relate these to building trust and friendly relationships with others. Write a 3-5 sentence essay about the topic. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13 kpmendoza2024 Finally, you need to have an assessment of your performance. Rate how well you understood the topics by checking the box and indicate in the remarks a reflection about your learning experiences. Learning 1 2 3 4 5 Remarks/Reflection Goals Needs Fair Satisfactory Very Excellent improveme Satisfactor nt y 1 2 3 4 5 6 Good job! You completed Module 1! You may proceed to Module 2. References Zumdahl, S. Chemical Principles. 1998. Houghton Mifflin Company https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter-basics 14 kpmendoza2024 Name_____________________________________ Section_________________ Laboratory Worksheet 1 Experiment 1 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY Data and Results. Table 1. Observation on the chromatographs of different ink samples using alcohol as solvent. Sample Inks (please specify) Description/ Appearance of the streak (Insert the photo or drawing) using ________________ alcohol (please specify) With cover Without cover Guide Questions 1. What is chromatography? ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 kpmendoza2024  ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What did you observe in the filter paper? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What observation would show that the sample is a mixture? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the purpose of covering the set up with a plastic wrap? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion: 1. Are your ink samples pure substances or mixtures? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Suggest other mixtures that can be used in paper chromatography instead of inks. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 16 kpmendoza2024