Chemistry 8 (1st ¼) - The Studie Group (PDF)

RESEARCH WITH CHEMISTRY 8 The Studie Group FIRST QUARTER | MODULE Introduction To Chemistry- Head Writer: Maxine Abrenica (8-Leeuwen) Writer(s): Adriel Shawn S. Flores (8-Leeuwen) Jhun Arwin S. Madrilejos (8-Watson) What is Chemistry? - deals with the study of matter - properties, co...

RESEARCH WITH CHEMISTRY 8 The Studie Group FIRST QUARTER | MODULE Introduction To Chemistry- Head Writer: Maxine Abrenica (8-Leeuwen) Writer(s): Adriel Shawn S. Flores (8-Leeuwen) Jhun Arwin S. Madrilejos (8-Watson) What is Chemistry? - deals with the study of matter - properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes Seven Branches of Chemistry: 1. Analytical Chemistry - involves identifying and analyzing the chemical components of samples - 2 types: Qualitative and Quantitative 2. Biochemistry - study of chemical processes in living organisms 3. Organic Chemistry - deals with the study of compounds that contain carbon which are covalently-bonded with hydrogen - Ex: Hydrocarbons 4. Inorganic Chemistry - analysis of substances without a carbon-hydrogen bond 5. Physical Chemistry - uses notions of physics as it deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that matter undergoes during a chemical reaction 6. Environmental Chemistry - deals with the chemical reactions that happen in natural places such as in the atmosphere, bodies of land, and bodies of water. 7. Nuclear Chemistry - deals with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation Chemists and Their Contributions Filipino Chemists 1. Julian Banzon - researched methods of alternative fuel from sugarcane and coconut 2. Alfredo Santos - studied chemistry of natural harvest and the properties of Philippine medicinal plants 3. Jose O. Juliano - famous for his research in nuclear chemistry and physics 4. William Padolina - a young scientist awardee in 1982 - promotes the significant growth and development of natural chemistry and biotechnology in the Philippines 5. Maria Cristina Padolina - studies separation and recovery of metals from mine-water, donor-acceptor bond in phosphine boranes 6. Clara Lim-Sylianco - Filipina Nationalist Scientist - widely regarded for her contributions in the fields of biochemistry and organic chemistry 7. Carlito Barril - studied toxicology, water quality, biotechnology, and environmental pollution 8. Benjamin Almeda Sr. - inventor and designer of various original food processing machines, earning him the title of “Father of Filipino Inventors” 9. Amando Kapauan - studied mercury content in Philippine fishes 10. Gen. Florencio A. Medina - researched on nuclear science and applied chemistry - “Father of Philippine Atomic Energy” 11. Anacleto Del Rosario - “Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory” - made alcohol from tuba of a rice palm 12. Pedro Escuro - best known for his isolation of nine “seed board” rice varieties  13. Violet Arida - studied indigenous technology patented in 1987 for the manufacture of transparent soaps scented with floral and herbal essences 14. Felix Maramba Sr. - developed and utilized biogas - created a coconut oil-fueled power generator and developed one of the world’s most profitable biogas systems Foreign Chemists 1. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier - Father of Modern Chemistry - proposed the Oxygen Theory of Burning - originated the Law of Conservation of Mass 2. John Dalton - developed the atomic theory 3. Henry Cavendish - discovered hydrogen 4. John Jacob Berzelius - devised the modern symbols of elements 5. Eugene Goldstein - discovered protons 6. J.J. Thomson - proposed the structure of the atom - discovered electrons 7. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - discovered X-rays in 1895 - received a Nobel Prize award in 1901 8. Ernest Rutherford - discovered the atomic nucleus by firing alpha particles at a piece of gold foil 9. Antoine Henri Becquerel - discovered radioactivity by chance using uranium-containing phosphate material 10. Neils Henrik David Bohr - made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory  11. Alfred Bernhard Nobel - inventor of dynamite 12. Dorothy Hodgkin - developed protein crystallography - won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 13. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev - formulated the Periodic Law - created his own version of the periodic table of elements 14. Robert Boyle - author of “Sceptical Chymist” 15. Amedeo Avogadro - noted for his contributions to molecular theory including what is known as “Avogadro’s Law” 16. Lise Meitner - primary discoverer of nuclear fission Laboratory Apparatus - set of materials or equipment designed for a particular use - can be grouped into: - glasswares and porcelains - metal equipment and accessories Two types of glassware are used in the laboratory: 1. Soft glass/Soda-lime glass - 10% sodium; 5% calcium; 1% aluminum - remainder percentages are silicon and oxygen - Tip: 10, 5, 1 = NaCaAl 2. Hard glass/Pyrex glass - boro-alumino silicate glass - 4% alkali and alkaline earth metal ions - does not expand as much as soft glass therefore it doesn't break easily Laboratory Glassware: Volumetric Glassware: - apparatuses used to measure the volume of a substance in an accurate and precise manner - subdivided into 2 types:  - to contain a specified amount of liquid (marked as TC or In) - to deliver a specified amount of liquid (marked as TD or Ex) 1. Volumetric Flask - thin-walled, flat-bottom glass flask - long narrow neck - used to measure a precise volume of a liquid and preparing a desired concentration of solution 2. Capillary Pipette - designed to measure and deliver a precise and accurate volume of liquid though it is calibrated to contain liquids 3. Burette - a long graduated tube used in volumetric titration process 4. Graduated Pipette - long graduated glass tube used for accurate measurements of volume when fixed volumes are transferred directly from reagent bottles 5. Bulb Pipette - a bulb-shaped material used to draw/deliver liquids into a pipe Non-Volumetric Glassware: - apparatuses that are not designed to give a precise measurement of volume - instruments used for: - mixing - stirring - titration - etc. 1. Beaker - deep, wide-mouthed, thin-walled cylindrical vessel with calibration and pouring lip - used to hold, mix, and heat liquids 2. Erlenmeyer Flask - thin, long-necked, cone-shaped glass with a triangular body and flat bottom - used to hold and mix chemicals - Note: The neck is small to facilitate mixing without spilling 3. Vials - small glasses (commonly cylindrical) used for storing small amount of solid and liquid substances 4. Test tubes - glass tubes closed at one end - used for mixing, and dissolving liquids, solids, or solutions for simple chemical tests  5. Florence Flask - long-necked thin glass material with a rounded body - used as a reaction vessel and sometimes gas apparatus 6. Distilling Flask - AKA a fractional distillation flask or fractioning flask - a vessel with a round bottom and a long neck from which a side arm protrudes - used to separate mixtures of two liquids with different boiling points 7. Watch Glass - glass material used to cover a beaker to prevent contamination of the solution 8. Reagent Bottles - glass material with narrow necks closed by stoppers/lid - used for storing reagent substances 9. Medicine Dropper - a short glass with one end constricted and the other end fitted with a small, rubber bulb used to measure liquids by drops 10. Petri Dish - shallow cylindrical glass-lidded dish - typically used to culture microorganisms (agar plates) 11. Separatory Funnel - used to separate immiscible liquids 12. Funnel - a hollow cone with a tube extending from the apex - used to support filter paper to facilitate the introduction of liquid 13. Stirring Rod - straight slender glass - used to stir the solution or as a guide to transfer the liquid solution 14. Condenser - used for cooling the vapors back to a liquid state - used for distillation Porcelain Equipment 1. Evaporating Dish - shallow, heat-resistant porcelain ware - used to evaporate the water from the solution to obtain solid materials  2. Crucible and Lid - used for heating or melting small amounts of substances that require extreme heat and temperature 3. Mortar and Pestle - ceramic or porcelain material - used for grinding solids into powder 4. Ceramic Spatula - ceramic material with a flat edge on the right side and a spoon on the left side - used for scooping out small amounts of solids from the container Metal Equipment and Accessories 1. Iron Clamp - used to support the test tube, flask, and other apparatus 2. Iron Stand - solid iron rod mounted on a base - used to support or mount apparatus 3. Iron Ring - circular iron mounted on an iron stand - used to: - support beakers and other apparatus - hold wire gauze in place 4. Burette Clamp - used to hold the burette in titration 5. Test Tube Holder - used to hold the test tube safely while being heated 6. Crucible Tong - used to handle crucibles and evaporating dishes Measuring Devices and Apparatus 1. Thermometer - glass material used for measuring temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit 2. Electronic top-loading Balance - used to measure the mass of a material of lesser or more than 300g of capacity and 0.1 to 0.001g readability  3. Platform Balance - calibrated in grams - has a sensitivity of 0.1g 4. Triple beam balance - calibrated in grams - measures the mass of a material with a capacity of 620g to 0.1 sensitivity Heating Equipment 1. Alcohol Lamp - glass-bottomed device with a metal screw top and cover that - usually filled with denatured alcohol to furnish heat in the laboratory 2. Bunsen Burner - used to furnish heat using gas or fuel 3. Tripod - three-legged stand - used for supporting apparatus 4. Clay Triangle - used to support crucibles and other apparatus that need direct heating 5. Wire Gauze - thin metal screen with a round asbestos deposited at the center - used to support and protect the beaker and flask from the direct flame of the burner 6. Aspirator - made from rubber - used for cleaning the balance pans and sucking liquids into a pipette 7. Test tube Brush - used for cleaning test tubes and narrow-mouthed laboratory glassware 8. Test tube Holder - metallic or wooden - holds the test tubes Laboratory Safety