PCQA111_WEEK 1_Introduction to Chemistry.pdf

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis (PCQA111) Module 1 Introduction to CHEMISTRY Jayson F. Serrano, RPh Instructor UNIT OUTCOMES: At the end of this unit, students are expected to...

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis (PCQA111) Module 1 Introduction to CHEMISTRY Jayson F. Serrano, RPh Instructor UNIT OUTCOMES: At the end of this unit, students are expected to: Demonstrate competence in the basic concepts and principles of chemistry. Define chemistry. Enumerate the scope of chemistry. Enumerate the different branches of chemistry. 2 UNIT OUTLINE: Introduction to Chemistry Branches of Chemistry History of Chemistry ○ Famous Foreign Scientists ○ Filipino Scientists 3 CHECKLIST: Read unit outcomes. Read study guide prior to class attendance. Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons. Participate in the discussion board (Canvas). 4 What is Chemistry? What comes to mind when you hear the word chemistry? What has chemistry ever done for us? Branches of Chemistry Organic Chemistry - Inorganic Chemistry – deals with the reaction of the study of all substances the study of most carbon- not classified as organic, containing compounds. mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon. Branches of Chemistry Physical Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry – the study of the structure the identification, of matter, energy, separation, and changes, and the laws, quantitative principles and theories determination of the that govern the components of different transformation of matter molecules. and their relations. Branches of Chemistry Biochemistry – Theoretical Chemistry specializes in the study of – the use of Mathematics substances and processes and computers to occurring in living things. understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of the compounds. Branches of Chemistry Agrochemistry Astrochemistry – deals with the – study of composition and application of chemistry reactions of the chemical for agricultural elements and molecules production, food founding the stars and in processing and the space and of the environmental interactions between this remediation. matter and radiation. Branches of Chemistry Cluster Chemistry Combinatorial – involves the study of the Chemistry cluster of branched atoms, – is the chemistry intermediate in size associated with soil, air between single molecules and water and of the and bulk solids. human impact on natural systems. Branches of Chemistry Geochemistry Green Chemistry – study of chemical – concerned with the composition and chemical processes and products processes associated with that eliminate or reduce the Earth and other the use of hazardous planets. substances. Branches of Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry – chemistry as it applies to – is a branch of chemistry pharmacology and associated with nuclear medicine. reactions and isotopes. Branches of Chemistry Photochemistry – is a branch of chemistry concerned with the interaction between light and matter. History of Chemistry Prior to 1000 B.C., processing of natural ores to produce metals for ornaments and weapons and the use of embalming fluids are already being used. History Ancient civilizations and technologies formed the various branches of Chemistry, and has applied to in several ways: History The Greek philosophers were the first to formulate theories about the behavior of matter. By about 400 B.C. they had proposed that all matter was composed of four fundamental substances: fire, earth, water, and air History “whether matter is continuous, and thus infinitely divisible into smaller pieces, or composed of small, indivisible particles…” History The latter was supported by Demokritos of Abdera (c. 460–c. 370 B.C.) and Leucippos, who used the term atomos (which later became atoms) to describe these ultimate particles. History Experimental Chemistry originated from alchemy, a mystical chemistry devoted to things such as converting common metal into gold. The philosophers called the followers of alchemy as alchemists. Alchemy was referred to as a pseudoscience. History Pythagoras (530 B.C.) believed that the earth is spherical in shape and rotated an axis once a day. Aristotle (384-323 B.C.)  held that the elements Fire, Water, Air, and Earth were the building blocks of all substances.  recognized that most ordinary, material things are composed of multiple substances, although he thought that some of them could be composed of a single, pure substance. History Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) discovered the laws concerning pulleys, levers and of floating bodies which in turn gave rise to the concepts of density and specific gravity. Hero of Alexandria (A.D. 62- 150) whose main work was devoted to describing gaseous behavior and in many respects anticipated the kinetic molecular theory. History MODERN CHEMISTRY development of systematic metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores) by a German, Georgius Agricola [aka Georg Bauer] (1494–1555) MODERN CHEMISTRY medicinal application of minerals by a Swiss alchemist/physician known as Paracelsus [1493–1541]). History MODERN CHEMISTRY Robert Boyle (1627– 1691) carefully measured the relationship between the pressure and volume of air. Published his book “The Skeptical Chymist” in 1661, paving way to give birth the quantitative sciences of physics and chemistry. History MODERN CHEMISTRY The phenomenon of combustion evoked intense interest in the 17th and 18th centuries. Georg Stahl (1660–1734) suggested that a substance he called “phlogiston” flowed out of the burning material. MODERN CHEMISTRY Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) an English clergyman and scientist discovered oxygen and was found to support vigorous combustion and was thus supposed to be low in phlogiston History MODERN CHEMISTRY By the late 18th century, combustion had been studied extensively; the gases carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen had been discovered; and the list of elements continued to grow. History MODERN CHEMISTRY Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) a French chemist who finally explained the true nature of combustion. His experiments suggested that mass is neither created nor destroyed (Law of Conservation of Mass). he published the first modern chemistry textbook, Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, in which he presented a unified picture of the chemical knowledge assembled up to that time. History MODERN CHEMISTRY Joseph Proust (1754– 1826) – showed that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. History MODERN CHEMISTRY The principle of the constant composition of compounds, originally called “Proust’s law,” is now known as the Law of Definite Proportion. A given compound always contains exactly the SAME PROPORTION OF ELEMENTS BY MASS. History MODERN CHEMISTRY John Dalton (1766– 1844) – an English schoolteacher thought about atoms as the particles that might compose elements.  History MODERN CHEMISTRY Law of Multiple Proportions – when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers. History MODERN CHEMISTRY By 1869, the concepts of atoms and molecules were well established, and it was possible for Mendeleev and Meyer to describe different forms of the periodic table. History MODERN CHEMISTRY In 1896, Becquerel discovered radioactivity, and another area of study was opened. History MODERN CHEMISTRY Studies of subatomic particles, spectra, and electricity finally led to the atomic theory of Bohr in 1913… MODERN CHEMISTRY …which was soon modified by the quantum mechanics of Schrodinger and Heisenberg in 1926 and 1927. Famous Foreign Scientists Isaac Newton Father of Modern Science Famous Foreign Scientists Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements (Radium and Polonium) Famous Foreign Scientists Robert Boyle Father of Chemistry the first scientist who gave the first process definition of a chemical element, reaction and chemical analysis Famous Foreign Scientists Henry Cavendish he discovered the hydrogen gas which he termed "inflammable air" found out that water was composed of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen Famous Foreign Scientists John Dalton known for the discovery of modern atomic theory. Famous Foreign Scientists Ernest Rutherford proposed that atoms are mostly empty with a positively charged nucleus Filipino Scientists Julian Banzon he researched methods of producing alternative fuels. Filipino Scientists Dr. Benjamin Cabrera developed innovations in drug treatments against diseases caused by mosquitoes and agricultural soil. Filipino Scientists Paulo Campos built the first radioisotopes laboratory in the Philippines. "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines". Filipino Scientists Ernesto del Rosario best known for his achievements in industrial biotechnology and applied physical chemistry. Filipino Scientists Armando Kapauan specialized in environmental chemistry. taught one of the first environmental chemistry courses in the country. Filipino Scientists Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products. Filipino Scientists Alfredo Santos noted researcher in the chemistry of natural products. VIDEO LINKS Introduction to Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =xsNVWEHW3BE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =QiiyvzZBKT8 Branches of Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =4ekf0J-W5k0 History of Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =nXKrmOHU68k 51 References: Petrucci, R., Harwood, W. and Herring, G., (2004). General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications. (8th edition) New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. Raymond, K. (2006). General Organic and Biological Chemistry. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 52 Thank you for listening! Any questions? Quiz 1 – September 2, Monday 53