Prejudice Chapter 9 PDF

PREJUDICE: DISLIKING OTHERS Dawn Goel, Ph.D. Marshall University  As humans, we are‘cognitive misers’ Social Schema - Mental structure for categories of social events and people Forming impressions of others Person...

PREJUDICE: DISLIKING OTHERS Dawn Goel, Ph.D. Marshall University  As humans, we are‘cognitive misers’ Social Schema - Mental structure for categories of social events and people Forming impressions of others Person Perception Jock Lizardman Nerd  Social Identity Any group membership by which one categorizes or defines oneself.  in United States in Huntington at MU in West Virginia taking a social psychology in this particular section of social psychology  Social Categorization Our social world is divided into two separate categories: Ingroup(s)…. “us” and Outgroup(s).. “them.”  Stereotypes Simple and standard beliefs about a particular person based on group membership  Prejudice Negative attitude held toward members of a group Discrimination Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.  Prejudicial Attitudes Tripartite model Affective responses = prejudicial feelings Behaviors = discrimination Cognitions = stereotypes & attribution  When the attitude is toward snakes Snakes are venomous. Cognitive component (belief) Snakes freak me out. Affective component (feeling) I stay away Behavioral component from snakes at (act) all times. When the attitude is prejudice Mothers are bad Cognitive component employees. (belief - STEREOTYPE) I don’t like pregnant Affective component employees. (feeling - PREJUDICE) I will not hire a Behavioral component pregnant (act - DISCRIMINATION) woman.  Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination may often lead to… Sexism and Racism Old-Fashioned Sexism Old-Fashioned Racism Is Prejudice Disappearing?  Hate Groups Hate groups have beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people. Activities = criminal acts, marches, rallies, speeches, meetings, publishing Southern Poverty Law Center http://www.splcenter.org  1,007 Active Hate Groups in US, 2012; up by 81 groups since 2008 West Virginia Hate Groups Is Prejudice Disappearing? Is Prejudice Disappearing? Unfortunately, No… Modern Racism  The existence of prejudice Again, overt expressions of prejudice are less likely today than in the past. Today, we are faced with Modern Racism. Prejudice is still pervasive, but it is expressed subtly and only in “appropriate” situations.  The Prejudicial Habit “We all know the stereotypes, but low- prejudiced people suppress prejudicial thoughts and behaviors whereas high- prejudiced people do not.” (Devine, 1989)  Aversive Racism Strong commitment to egalitarian values Negative feelings and beliefs toward minorities  When will Aversive Racists NOT Discriminate? Non-prejudicial response is clearly expected Prejudiced response cannot be justified.  When will Aversive Racists Discriminate? Norms of tolerance are weak or ambiguous. Justification is readily available. Biased responses go unacknowledged by the self, & egalitarian self-image will not be threatened.  Dovidio & Gaertner (2000) White Candidate Black Candidate 100% Evaluation of candidate 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Strong Weak Marginal Qualifications Modern Sexism  How have attitudes changed since the 1950s?  Gender-Career Implicit Association Test (IAT) Categorization task using four classifications: WOMEN, MEN, CAREER, AND FAMILY Only two response keys Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald (2002). Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and  Ambivalent Sexism Hostile Sexism Blatant, believing that women should be subservient Benevolent Sexism Argues for women’s special niceness and purity and emphasizes that they are different from men Glick & Fiske (1997). Psychology of Women Quarterly. Typical U.S. Ambivalent Sexism Results Glick et al. (2004). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Typical Multicultural Ambivalent Sexism Results 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cuba Nigeria Portugal USA England Hostile-Men Hostile-Women Benevolent-Men Benevolent-Women Glick et al. (2004). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.  Health Care Disparities: The Impact of Benevolent Sexism Howerton et al. (In Preparation).  Clinical Case Vignette [Mr. or Ms.] Harris is a 52-year-old [man or women] who consults you for 3 months of class 3 angina that is now in a stable pattern but persists despite optimal medical therapy. [His or Her] pain is left-sided with radiation to [his or her] neck and left arm, exacerbated with minimal exertion and relieved with rest and NTG. [Mr. or Ms.] Harris’ past medical history: Well controlled type II DM, controlled Stage 1 HTN, reformed smoker with 20 pack/year history, and positive Family history of premature MI in father. Physical examination: 5 feet 5 inches, BMI 35; otherwise unremarkable. Resting EKG is normal. Exercise stress test with 2 mm horizontal ST depression in leads V2 - V5 during 7th minute of Bruce protocol at HR 80% predicted. Test is terminated due to chest pain. Both chest pain and ST depressions resolve within 5 minutes. Cardiac catheterization is performed and demonstrates 70% discrete mid LAD stenosis, 60 - 70% Howerton et al. discrete mid LCx(Instenosis, Preparation). and 50% proximal RCA stenosis,  Recommendations by Patient Sex Howerton et al. (In Preparation).  Recommendations by Physician Benevolent Sexism, Patient Sex, and Physician Experience Howerton et al. (In Preparation).  Recommendations by Physician Benevolent Sexism, Patient Sex, and Physician Experience Howerton et al. (In Preparation). Many aspects of one’s identity can lead to prejudice nationality physical racial and state ethnic identity weight gender disabilities sexual diseases orientation hair color religion professions appearance hobbies  What Causes Prejudice? Motivational vs. Cognitive Biases in Information Processing  Motivational Sources of Prejudice Realistic Group Conflict Theory Social Inequalities Scapegoat Theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySBK2qGr9Eo Social Identity Theory (Tajfel) Ingroup vs. Outgroup Ingroup Bias  Cognitive Sources of Prejudice Categorization Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Illusory Correlation  Illusory Correlation Mistaken assumption that two things are correlated when they are not  Cognitive Sources of Prejudice Categorization Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Illusory Correlation Attribution Group Serving Bias Just-World Phenomenon  Just World Phenomenon Defensive attribution in which individuals blame others for their misfortune Individuals Experiencing Homelessness Rape Victims  What Maintains Prejudice? Confirmation Bias People seek information that confirms their beliefs. Schematic (top-down) Processing Our expectations guide what we see. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Beliefs may lead to behaviors that confirm the beliefs. Subtyping Accommodating individuals who deviate from  Psychological Consequences of Prejudice Internalization of the stereotype Clark and Clark, 1947 Stereotype Threat African Americans - Steele and Aronson (1995) Steele & Aronson (1995)  Psychological Consequences of Prejudice Internalization of the stereotype Clark and Clark, 1947 Stereotype Threat African Americans - Steele and Aronson (1995) Women - Spencer and Steele (1997)  Spencer & Steele (1999) 30 25 Mean scores on test 20 15 Males Females 10 5 0 Expected gender Expected NO gender differences differences  Ways to Reduce Prejudice… Contact Hypothesis Expose members of groups to each other, and prejudice will be reduced. Consider Desegregation… It failed to raise self-esteem or lower prejudice Robber’s Cave Experiment  What we’ve learned since Interdependence Equal Status Contact Support of Legitimate Authority Common Superordinate Goal  Modern Application The jigsaw classroom