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Questions and Answers
What does the Just-World Phenomenon suggest about individuals who experience misfortune?
What does the Just-World Phenomenon suggest about individuals who experience misfortune?
What is the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect?
What is the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect?
Which theory explains how social inequalities can lead to prejudice?
Which theory explains how social inequalities can lead to prejudice?
What is confirmation bias in the context of prejudice?
What is confirmation bias in the context of prejudice?
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Which cognitive bias can lead to the assumption that two unrelated events are correlated?
Which cognitive bias can lead to the assumption that two unrelated events are correlated?
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What term refers to the negative attitude held toward members of a group?
What term refers to the negative attitude held toward members of a group?
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What component of prejudice involves the belief about a particular group?
What component of prejudice involves the belief about a particular group?
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Which of the following best defines social categorization?
Which of the following best defines social categorization?
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What does discrimination primarily involve?
What does discrimination primarily involve?
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What type of belief about a group is referred to as a stereotype?
What type of belief about a group is referred to as a stereotype?
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What does the tripartite model of prejudicial attitudes include?
What does the tripartite model of prejudicial attitudes include?
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Which component of prejudice involves an individual feeling a certain way about a group?
Which component of prejudice involves an individual feeling a certain way about a group?
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What concept describes membership in a group used for self-categorization?
What concept describes membership in a group used for self-categorization?
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What is the focus of the 'Contact Hypothesis' in reducing prejudice?
What is the focus of the 'Contact Hypothesis' in reducing prejudice?
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What psychological concept did Steele and Aronson investigate in 1995 related to African Americans?
What psychological concept did Steele and Aronson investigate in 1995 related to African Americans?
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Which of the following was a finding regarding the effects of desegregation on self-esteem and prejudice?
Which of the following was a finding regarding the effects of desegregation on self-esteem and prejudice?
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Which experiment highlighted the importance of interdependence in reducing prejudice?
Which experiment highlighted the importance of interdependence in reducing prejudice?
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What does a jigsaw classroom aim to achieve?
What does a jigsaw classroom aim to achieve?
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What defines hate groups in relation to their beliefs or practices?
What defines hate groups in relation to their beliefs or practices?
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What type of sexism was highlighted as having health care disparities in the findings?
What type of sexism was highlighted as having health care disparities in the findings?
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As of 2012, how many active hate groups were reported in the US?
As of 2012, how many active hate groups were reported in the US?
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In the clinical vignette, what is the primary symptom experienced by Mr. or Ms. Harris?
In the clinical vignette, what is the primary symptom experienced by Mr. or Ms. Harris?
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What best describes 'modern racism' as portrayed in the content?
What best describes 'modern racism' as portrayed in the content?
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What distinguishes low-prejudiced individuals from high-prejudiced individuals according to the content?
What distinguishes low-prejudiced individuals from high-prejudiced individuals according to the content?
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Which of the following patient factors is NOT mentioned as a source of potential prejudice?
Which of the following patient factors is NOT mentioned as a source of potential prejudice?
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What was observed during the exercise stress test performed on Mr. or Ms. Harris?
What was observed during the exercise stress test performed on Mr. or Ms. Harris?
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Aversive racists hold what type of beliefs about egalitarian values?
Aversive racists hold what type of beliefs about egalitarian values?
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Under what conditions are aversive racists less likely to discriminate?
Under what conditions are aversive racists less likely to discriminate?
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Which aspect of identity does the content suggest contributes to prejudice?
Which aspect of identity does the content suggest contributes to prejudice?
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What type of sexism involves holding beliefs that women should be subservient?
What type of sexism involves holding beliefs that women should be subservient?
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What percentage stenosis was found in the mid LAD during cardiac catheterization?
What percentage stenosis was found in the mid LAD during cardiac catheterization?
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What do benevolent sexists emphasize about women?
What do benevolent sexists emphasize about women?
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Which gender-specific recommendations are influenced by benevolent sexism?
Which gender-specific recommendations are influenced by benevolent sexism?
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What is the BMI of Mr. or Ms. Harris according to the physical examination?
What is the BMI of Mr. or Ms. Harris according to the physical examination?
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Study Notes
Motivational Sources of Prejudice
- Realistic Group Conflict Theory: prejudice arises from competition for limited resources between groups.
- Social Inequalities: prejudice can stem from existing power imbalances and social hierarchies.
- Scapegoat Theory: individuals or groups become targets of blame and prejudice when frustrations arise.
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel)
- Ingroup vs. Outgroup: individuals categorize themselves into groups (ingroup) and perceive others as belonging to different groups (outgroup).
- Ingroup Bias: favoring members of one's own group, often leading to prejudice towards outgroups.
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
- Categorization: we simplify our understanding of the world by grouping people into categories.
- Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: the tendency to perceive members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they actually are.
Illusory Correlation
- Mistaken Assumption: a belief that two things are related when they are not.
Attribution
- Group Serving Bias: explaining the successes of ingroups and failures of outgroups by internal factors (e.g., ability) while attributing successes of outgroups and failures of ingroups to external factors (e.g., luck).
- Just-World Phenomenon: the tendency to believe that the world is fair and those who suffer deserve their fate, leading to blaming victims of misfortune.
What Maintains Prejudice?
- Confirmation Bias: seeking information that confirms existing beliefs and ignoring contradictory information.
- Schematic Processing: our expectations about groups influence how we perceive and interpret their behavior.
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: expectations about a group can lead to behaviors that confirm those expectations.
Social Identity
- Any group membership that defines a person's identity.
Social Categorization
- Dividing the social world into two categories: "us" (ingroup) and "them" (outgroup).
Stereotypes
- Simple and standardized beliefs about individuals based on their group membership.
Prejudice
- A negative attitude toward members of a group.
Discrimination
- Behaving unfairly toward members of a group.
Prejudicial Attitudes (Tripartite Model)
- Affective responses: feelings of prejudice.
- Behaviors: discriminatory actions.
- Cognitions: stereotypes and attributions.
Old-Fashioned Sexism and Racism
- Explicit and overt expressions of prejudice.
Hate Groups
- Organizations that promote hatred and violence towards specific groups.
Modern Racism
- Subtle and implicit expressions of prejudice.
Aversive Racism
- Holding egalitarian values but harboring subtle negative feelings towards minorities.
Modern Sexism
- Ambivalent sexism: a combination of hostile sexism (belief in traditional gender roles and women's inferiority) and benevolent sexism (a belief in women's special qualities and need for protection).
Reducing Prejudice
- Contact Hypothesis: exposure to members of different groups can reduce prejudice.
- Jigsaw Classroom: a classroom setting that encourages cooperation and interdependence among students from different backgrounds.
Psychological Consequences of Prejudice
- Internalization of Stereotypes: believing the stereotypes about one's group.
- Stereotype Threat: the anxiety and fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, leading to poorer performance.
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Description
Explore the various motivational and cognitive sources of prejudice in this quiz. Delve into theories like Realistic Group Conflict and Social Identity, as well as cognitive biases that contribute to discrimination. Test your understanding of how group dynamics influence prejudice.
