Cognitive Biases in Social Cognition PDF
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This document covers different types of cognitive biases, including anchoring bias, attentional bias, and confirmation bias. It also explores the concepts of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, linking biases to these societal concerns. The document is helpful for students studying social psychology.
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- Types of cogni,ve bias “everyone is responsible for their own behaviour,...
- Types of cogni,ve bias “everyone is responsible for their own behaviour, except me” Actor observer bias = tendency for individuals to believe nega/ve events can be due to other people’s behaviour, but not their own. Anchoring Bias = We cling to the first piece of informa/on we receive to base our decision on – it becomes our anchor, We struggle to modify the anchor with any new informa/on we receive. Example.. If told to wait 30 minutes for a reserva*on, 35 minutes would become frustra*ng. If told to wait 45 minutes, 35 minutes would make you happy. AOen,onal Bias = A bias that occurs when our percep/on of the world is strongly influenced by our reoccurring thoughts – what we pay a`en/on to. Can lead to poor decision making as we don’t weigh up all the pros and cons Example.. Majority of planes are safe, but one big plane crash causes a person to only pay a>en*on to that and conclude that flying in dangerous Confirma,on Bias = seeking out info that confirms exis/ng beliefs or expecta/ons, while dismissing actual evidence Example.. You don’t believe in climate change, you think it is a myth! Therefore you only seek for and pay a>en*on to informa*on that supports your beliefs and ignore all other informa*on that provides evidence of climate change. False-Consensus bias = The tendency to OVERESTIMATE the extent to which other people may be like you, think like you, act like you. People assume that others are much more like them than they actually are. Example.. A person will make racist or sexist comments in front of their friends, assuming that their friends won’t find them offensive. Halo Effect = The assump/on that if someone has one posi/ve traits, then all their other traits must be posi/ve Example.. someone is hot so they must be funny, smart and friendly Hindsight Bias = The tendency to believe, aker something has happened, that we "knew it all along," even if we didn’t predict it beforehand. Makes us think events were more predictable than they actually were. Example.. “I knew that they would win!” Misinforma,on Effect = When our memory of an event changes because we were given incorrect informa/on akerward. Example.. If you see a minor car accident and later someone incorrectly men*ons that the car was speeding, you might start to remember it that way Op,mism Bias = The tendency to overes/mate the likelihood of experiencing posi/ve events and underes/mate the likelihood of experiencing nega/ve events in the future. Example.. A person may smoke, even though they know it is bad for them, because they believe they aren’t suscep*ble to cancer Self-serving Bias = an individual a`ributes their ‘wins’ to their internal factors and a`ributes their ‘losses’ to external factors. Dunning-Kruger Effect = people overes/mate their knowledge or ability, par/cularly in areas with which they have li`le to no knowledge or experience. lack of knowledge about a par/cular subject, poor self- awareness of their ignorance, and low cogni/ve ability, that leads them to overes/mate their own capabili/es and think of themselves as more expert than those who are be`er informed. Stereotypes, Prejudice & Discrimina,on Stereotyping (the belief) = we believe people belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences. e.g - person wealthy and has a good car are selfish to others Prejudice (the aatude) = holding a posi/ve or nega/ve aatude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group. e.g - women, men, race, a religious group etc - Stereotyping can lead to prejudice. Discrimina/on (the behaviour) = refers to posi/ve or nega/ve ac/ons that is directed towards a specific group of the popula/on, can look like ignoring and excluding - Prejudice can lead to discrimina,on Problems with stereotyping Can be inaccurate Based off li`le or no evidence Ignores individuals Can lead to social s/gma - it ignores the person’s individuality, it can lead to nega/ve s/gma/sm causing others to go against and rejec/ng them Ingroups = is any group that you belong to or iden/fy with Outgroup = is any group you do not belong to or iden/fy with.
