Chapter 8 Slides PDF

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Chapter 8 Developmental Research Human development - Scientific study of changes in people as they age from conception until death. Developmental Research Methods • Longitudinal design - A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves...

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Chapter 8 Developmental Research Human development - Scientific study of changes in people as they age from conception until death. Developmental Research Methods • Longitudinal design - A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time. • Cross-sectional design - A research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time. • Cohort effect • Cross-sequential design - A research method that combines both a longitudinal design and a cross-sectional design. It aims to correct for some of the problems inherent in the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs LO 8.1 Special research methods used to study development Nature v. Nurture • Nature - the influence of inherited (genetic) or biological characteristics on personality, physical traits, IQ, and social competence. • Nurture - the influence of the environment on all of the above • Epigenetics Genetics and Development • Genetics: the science of inherited traits. • DNA: Molecule containing genetic material. • Gene - section of DNA with the same arrangement of chemical elements; located on chromosomes. • Dominant v. Recessive • Phenotype v. Genotype Mendel Box Alleles for hairline: W=widow’s peak s=straight hairline Father (Ws) Mother (Ws) W S W WW sW s Ws ss Domains of Development Physical Cogntive Socioemotional Periods of Pregnancy • Germinal - first 2 weeks after fertilization • Embryonic – 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization; major organs & structures begin to develop. • Fetal - 8 weeks after conception to birth • Critical periods • Teratogen Menu Developmental Stages • Childhood - infancy (birth to 24 months) through childhood (up to about age 10). • Adolescence – begins around ages 10 to 12 and spans the transition from childhood to adulthood. • Pre-adolescence – considered to occur from 10 to 12 years of age • Adulthood - generally separated into early (the 20s and 30s), middle (the 40s through the mid-60s), and late (mid-60s and beyond). Physical Development • Critical areas of adjustment for newborn: respiration, digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. • • • • • • Infants are born with 5 important reflexes: Sucking Grasping Rooting Stepping Moro Cognitive Development • The development of thinking, problem solving, and schemas. • Piaget: pioneer in the study of child cognitive development. Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development • Stage 1; Sensorimotor stage : infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with environment. • Object permanence—achieved at the end of stage 1 Piaget’s Stage Theory • Stage 2; Preoperational stage : preschool; language used as a means of exploring the world. • Egocentrism • Centration • Irreversibility • Conservation is not present at this stage LO 7.9 Looking at cognitive development and how language develops Menu Piaget’s Stage Theory • Stage 3; Concrete operations: school-age; capable of logical thought, but not abstract thinking. • Conservation is present • Stage 4; Formal operations : adolescence; capable of abstract thinking. Vygotsky’s Contribution • Social Interactions play a significant role in cognitive development • Zone of proximal development • Scaffolding Stages of Language Development • Cooing • Babbling • One-word speech (holophrases) • Telegraphic speech Attachment • Emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver. • Secure • Insecure • Avoidant • Ambivalent • Disorganized-disoriented Temperament • Behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth • Easy – adaptable, regular, happy • Difficult – non-adaptable, irregular, irritable • Slow to warm up – needs time to adjust to change Erikson’s First 4 Stages of Personality Development • Stage 1; Trust versus mistrust : infant; result of consistent or inconsistent care. • Stage 2; Autonomy versus shame and doubt: toddler; strives for physical independence. Erikson’s First 4 Stages • Stage 3; Initiative versus guilt: preschool; strives for emotional & psychological independence. • Stage 4; Industry versus inferiority: preadolescent; strives for competence and selfesteem. Puberty and Adolescence • ‘In-between’ childhood and adulthood. • Formal operations may begin to emerge • Piaget’s final stage • Thinking in hypotheticals • Egocentric thought remains • Personal fable • Imaginary audience Erikson’s Fifth Stage • Identity versus role confusion: adolescence; search for a consistent sense of self; parent-teen conflict Erikson’s Last 3 Stages • Stage 6; Intimacy v. Isolation: young adult; strives for emotional & psychological closeness with another; still maintain sense of self. • Stage 7; Generativity v. stagnation: mid-adult; seeks to guide children or next generation. • Stage 8; Integrity v. despair: old age; seeks sense of wholeness and to release regret. Kohlberg’s Morality Development • Preconventional morality (Level 1) - behavior governed by the consequences (reward/punish) • Conventional morality (Level 2) - behavior governed by society’s norms and laws. • Postconventional morality (Level 3) - behavior governed by individual moral principles; may disagree with accepted social norms. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian: rigid, strict, lack of warmth • Permissive: few demands • Neglectful-uninvolved • Indulgent-no limits • Authoritative: firm limits + warmth, respect Theories of Aging • Cellular clock theory • Cells can’t reproduce forever • Wear-and-tear theory • Use/abuse of body’s tissues; can’t repair all damage • Free radical theory • Molecules with unstable electrons damage cells • Activity theory • Better to remain active as you age Stages of Death and Dying 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance