Chapter 8 - MC - Part 2 PDF

 **Imagine you encounter a bat flying past you at night. Initially, you think it's a bird. This reaction is based on:** - A\) Prototype Theory - B\) Linguistic Relativity - C\) Rule-Based Categorization - D\) Exemplar Theory - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Prototype Th...

 **Imagine you encounter a bat flying past you at night. Initially, you think it's a bird. This reaction is based on:** - A\) Prototype Theory - B\) Linguistic Relativity - C\) Rule-Based Categorization - D\) Exemplar Theory - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Prototype Theory explains this reaction because you quickly match the silhouette of the bat to the prototype of a bird you have in your mind (e.g., small, flying creature). When additional information becomes available (e.g., recognizing the wings are different), you may then correct your initial categorization.  **A doctor misdiagnoses a skin condition because the patient's symptoms resemble an unusual case she recently saw. This illustrates:** - A\) Functional Fixedness - B\) Availability Heuristic - C\) Priming Effect - D\) Confirmation Bias - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The availability heuristic influences the doctor\'s decision, as she relies on a recent and vivid example rather than objective diagnostic criteria. Because the unusual case is fresh in her mind, it becomes the basis for her judgment.  **A marketing team uses images of happy families in their advertisements to associate their product with positive emotions. This technique uses:** - A\) Belief Perseverance - B\) Linguistic Relativity - C\) Priming - D\) Graded Membership - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** Priming occurs when exposure to a stimulus (happy families) influences how people perceive and react to a subsequent stimulus (the product). By associating the product with positive emotions, the marketing team primes consumers to feel positively when they encounter the product.  **You see a person in a uniform similar to an employee's and assume they work there, demonstrating the use of:** - A\) Availability Heuristic - B\) Representativeness Heuristic - C\) Anchoring Effect - D\) Confirmation Bias - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The representativeness heuristic occurs when people judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to their existing stereotype or prototype. Seeing someone in a uniform similar to a store employee's matches the mental prototype, leading to the assumption they work there.  **A friend tries to solve a new puzzle by using the same method that worked for a different puzzle. This behavior illustrates:** - A\) Rule-Based Categorization - B\) Functional Fixedness - C\) Mental Set - D\) Availability Heuristic - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** A mental set is when someone relies on a familiar strategy to solve a problem, even if it may not be effective for the new situation. In this case, the friend's reliance on a past solution prevents them from exploring alternative approaches.  **A smoker watches an anti-smoking ad but feels the urge to smoke afterward. This reaction is likely due to:** - A\) Priming - B\) Functional Fixedness - C\) Availability Heuristic - D\) Linguistic Relativity - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Priming occurs when a stimulus (anti-smoking ad) activates related concepts (thoughts of smoking). Even though the ad's intention is to discourage smoking, the imagery may unintentionally prime the smoker to think about the behavior it is meant to discourage.  **A student from Japan associates a cow with grass instead of another animal because of the cow's environment. This reflects:** - A\) Cultural Categorization - B\) Prototype Theory - C\) Semantic Network - D\) Priming - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Cultural categorization shapes how individuals group objects based on the relationships they observe in their environment. In this case, the student connects cows with grass, reflecting a cultural emphasis on ecological relationships rather than animal classification.  **A person refuses to accept that a political party they support engaged in negative behavior, even when presented with evidence. This is an example of:** - A\) Belief Perseverance - B\) Confirmation Bias - C\) Anchoring Effect - D\) Availability Heuristic - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Belief perseverance occurs when someone holds onto their beliefs despite contradictory evidence. The person's commitment to their political party makes them ignore or downplay negative information to maintain their original belief.  **After hearing news about a plane crash, a person decides to drive long distances instead of flying. This is due to:** - A\) Availability Heuristic - B\) Confirmation Bias - C\) Representativeness Heuristic - D\) Anchoring Effect - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The availability heuristic leads people to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easy to recall. Seeing the plane crash news makes the event more vivid and accessible, causing the individual to perceive flying as riskier than it statistically is.  **When someone decides to spend more time comparing products to find the best option, this behavior demonstrates:** - A\) Satisficing - B\) Maximizing - C\) Availability Heuristic - D\) Functional Fixedness - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** Maximizing behavior involves seeking the best possible option by evaluating all available alternatives. This contrasts with satisficing, where individuals settle for an option that meets their basic criteria rather than exhaustively searching for the best one.  **When someone decides to spend more time comparing products to find the best option, this behavior demonstrates:** - A\) Satisficing - B\) Maximizing - C\) Availability Heuristic - D\) Functional Fixedness - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** Maximizing is the tendency to seek out the best possible option by thoroughly evaluating all available alternatives. This is different from satisficing, where individuals choose an option that meets their minimum criteria rather than striving for the absolute best.  **A person incorrectly assumes that a new employee in a store is not a worker because they don\'t match the usual prototype of the uniform. This is an example of:** - A\) Functional Fixedness - B\) Belief Perseverance - C\) Anchoring Effect - D\) Representativeness Heuristic - **Correct Answer:** D - **Feedback:** The representativeness heuristic influences judgments based on how well something matches a prototype or stereotype. In this case, the person's prototype of an employee does not align with the new employee's appearance, leading to an incorrect assumption.  **A child who grows up in a culture where cows are sacred will categorize cows differently than a child who grows up on a farm where cows are livestock. This demonstrates:** - A\) Linguistic Relativity - B\) Prototype Theory - C\) Cultural Categorization - D\) Priming - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** Cultural categorization shows how cultural contexts shape the way people perceive and classify objects. In this example, cultural beliefs about cows influence how the animal is categorized, either as sacred or as livestock.  **A person continually justifies their purchase of an expensive item, despite realizing that it doesn't meet their needs. This behavior is an example of:** - A\) Belief Perseverance - B\) Confirmation Bias - C\) Functional Fixedness - D\) Anchoring Effect - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Belief perseverance occurs when a person clings to their initial belief or decision even when confronted with contradictory evidence. In this case, the individual justifies the purchase to maintain their belief that it was a good choice despite evidence that it wasn't.  **A manager who insists on using an old solution for a new problem, even when it no longer applies, is exhibiting:** - A\) Functional Fixedness - B\) Mental Set - C\) Availability Heuristic - D\) Priming - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** A mental set is a cognitive bias where an individual relies on a familiar approach or solution, even when a different approach would be more effective. The manager's reliance on past solutions demonstrates this fixed mindset.  **When someone estimates the likelihood of a crime occurring in their neighborhood based on recent media coverage rather than statistics, they are using:** - A\) Representativeness Heuristic - B\) Availability Heuristic - C\) Anchoring Effect - D\) Belief Perseverance - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The availability heuristic causes people to judge the likelihood of events based on how easily they can recall examples, which may not always reflect actual probabilities. Media coverage makes certain events more vivid and thus influences perception disproportionately.  **A person experiences hesitation in solving a nine-dot problem because they assume boundaries that are not part of the rules. This illustrates:** - A\) Mental Set - B\) Anchoring Effect - C\) Functional Fixedness - D\) Priming - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** A mental set occurs when a person is stuck using a familiar strategy or approach that no longer fits the problem. In this case, the assumption of boundaries that don't exist restricts problem-solving, highlighting the influence of previous thinking patterns.  **Someone who changes their mind about a brand only after reading a series of negative reviews demonstrates:** - A\) Confirmation Bias - B\) Availability Heuristic - C\) Belief Perseverance - D\) Anchoring Effect - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** This is an example of confirmation bias, where individuals seek out or are influenced by information that aligns with their preexisting beliefs. In this case, exposure to multiple negative reviews confirms doubts about the brand, changing their perception.  **An individual decides on a purchase based on the first option they saw without exploring others. This is an example of:** - A\) Availability Heuristic - B\) Anchoring Effect - C\) Mental Set - D\) Belief Perseverance - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The anchoring effect occurs when an individual relies heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the anchor) when making decisions. Here, the person's decision is influenced by the initial option they saw, disregarding other possible options.  **A person associates snow with cold weather and skiing due to frequent exposure to such activities, reflecting:** - A\) Priming - B\) Cultural Categorization - C\) Prototype Theory - D\) Linguistic Relativity - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Priming occurs when repeated exposure to certain stimuli (like cold weather and skiing) activates related concepts, making them more likely to come to mind when the stimulus (snow) is encountered again. This association is reinforced through experience.  **When an individual applies cultural knowledge to interpret and understand a folk dance they are unfamiliar with, they are using:** - A\) Semantic Networks - B\) Cultural Categorization - C\) Prototype Recognition - D\) Exemplar Theory - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** Cultural categorization allows people to interpret unfamiliar concepts or behaviors by referencing their cultural knowledge and experiences. In this scenario, the individual uses their understanding of cultural symbols and meanings to make sense of the folk dance.  **A person who feels that all planes are unsafe after watching several plane crash documentaries demonstrates:** - A\) Representativeness Heuristic - B\) Availability Heuristic - C\) Confirmation Bias - D\) Belief Perseverance - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The availability heuristic influences people's judgments based on how easily they can recall examples. After watching several plane crash documentaries, the individual's perception of flying becomes biased, as these dramatic images are vivid and easily retrievable.  **A researcher categorizes animals based on whether they can fly or not, using this categorization as a rule. This is an example of:** - A\) Exemplar Theory - B\) Rule-Based Categorization - C\) Prototype-Based Categorization - D\) Semantic Network Approach - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** Rule-based categorization uses specific criteria or rules to group items into categories. In this case, the researcher is using a clear rule (ability to fly) to classify animals, which fits this method of categorization.  **When individuals judge someone's behavior based on their preexisting stereotypes about that person's profession, they are applying:** - A\) Representativeness Heuristic - B\) Anchoring Effect - C\) Confirmation Bias - D\) Availability Heuristic - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The representativeness heuristic causes people to judge others based on how closely they fit into existing stereotypes or categories. Judging behavior based on professional stereotypes is an example of this bias, as it assumes characteristics that may not apply to every individual in that profession.  **After hearing about a friend's car accident, an individual feels that driving is more dangerous than flying, illustrating:** - A\) Availability Heuristic - B\) Functional Fixedness - C\) Mental Set - D\) Belief Perseverance - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The availability heuristic occurs when people judge the frequency or danger of an event based on how easily they can recall examples of it. A vivid memory, like a friend's accident, makes the event seem more common or likely than it is statistically.  **A person who continues to believe in a company's product despite seeing negative reviews is demonstrating:** - A\) Confirmation Bias - B\) Anchoring Effect - C\) Belief Perseverance - D\) Availability Heuristic - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** Belief perseverance is the tendency to hold onto a belief even when confronted with new, contradictory evidence. Despite negative reviews, the individual maintains their positive belief about the product, resisting the urge to change their perspective.  **If someone chooses a solution that matches their previous experience but doesn't solve the new problem, they are stuck in a:** - A\) Mental Set - B\) Priming Effect - C\) Anchoring Effect - D\) Functional Fixedness - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** A mental set occurs when someone applies a familiar solution to a new problem that may require a different approach. This bias can limit creativity and flexibility, preventing them from exploring other viable solutions.  **A person who estimates the price of an item based on the original price they saw first is influenced by:** - A\) Anchoring Effect - B\) Confirmation Bias - C\) Availability Heuristic - D\) Representativeness Heuristic - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The anchoring effect is when an initial piece of information (e.g., the first price seen) acts as a reference point, influencing subsequent judgments. This effect can impact price evaluations, negotiations, and many other decision-making processes.  **When someone relies on their past experience of a prototype to categorize a new animal, they are using:** - A\) Exemplar Categorization - B\) Rule-Based Categorization - C\) Prototype Theory - D\) Semantic Network Theory - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** Prototype Theory suggests that people use mental images of the most typical members of a category to categorize new instances. By comparing the new animal to this mental prototype, they determine if it fits within the known category.  **A physician who diagnoses a patient's symptoms by matching them with common illnesses rather than following a checklist of symptoms is using:** - A\) Prototype-Based Categorization - B\) Availability Heuristic - C\) Rule-Based Categorization - D\) Functional Fixedness - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Prototype-Based Categorization involves using the most typical example of a condition as a reference. The physician matches the patient's symptoms to these typical cases rather than methodically checking each symptom, which is a more efficient but potentially less accurate approach.  **When someone ignores statistical evidence about the risks of an activity because they remember a single vivid incident, they are demonstrating:** - A\) Availability Heuristic - B\) Belief Perseverance - C\) Confirmation Bias - D\) Functional Fixedness - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The availability heuristic leads people to rely on the most readily available information, which is often based on vivid or recent incidents. This can skew perception away from objective data and towards emotionally or visually impactful examples.  **Which of the following illustrates a cognitive obstacle in problem-solving, as shown by the nine-dot problem?** - A\) Functional Fixedness - B\) Mental Set - C\) Confirmation Bias - D\) Anchoring Effect - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The nine-dot problem illustrates the concept of a mental set, where individuals impose unnecessary constraints (like staying within the boundaries of the dots), preventing them from finding the correct solution. Overcoming this mental set is essential for solving the problem.  **In the two-string problem, a person struggles to tie the strings together because they cannot see the use of an object beyond its typical function. This is an example of:** - A\) Functional Fixedness - B\) Priming - C\) Anchoring Effect - D\) Mental Set - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The two-string problem is a classic example of functional fixedness, where individuals fail to see alternative uses for objects (e.g., using a tool as a weight). Overcoming this fixed view is key to solving the problem.  **What is the purpose of using the lexical decision task in priming studies?** - A\) To test memory retention over long periods. - B\) To measure reaction times in recognizing words related to previous stimuli. - C\) To categorize objects based on prototypes. - D\) To assess the impact of language on perception. - **Correct Answer:** B - **Feedback:** The lexical decision task is used in priming studies to measure how quickly individuals recognize words when they follow semantically related stimuli. Faster recognition times indicate the activation of related concepts, demonstrating the effect of priming.  **Which approach helps scientists critically evaluate cognitive biases and decision-making by using real-world examples and experiments?** - A\) Semantic Network Analysis - B\) Prototype Theory - C\) Scientific Literacy Model - D\) Exemplar Theory - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** The scientific literacy model involves using real-world examples, experimental evidence, and critical evaluation to understand and interpret cognitive processes like biases and decision-making. It allows researchers to assess the validity and reliability of findings.  **According to the benign violation theory, humor arises when:** - A\) An event violates expectations but is still perceived as non-threatening. - B\) A situation perfectly matches a prototype for a funny event. - C\) Someone repeats a previously heard joke. - D\) An unexpected event occurs that causes harm. - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** The benign violation theory suggests that humor occurs when there is a violation of expectations that is resolved in a non-threatening way. If the event is perceived as harmless, it can result in amusement or laughter, as in the example of jokes or funny mishaps.  **Framing effects in decision-making are best demonstrated when:** - A\) A person's choice changes based on how the options are presented. - B\) An individual relies solely on the first information they receive. - C\) People categorize events based on how they match stereotypes. - D\) Choices remain consistent regardless of how the situation is described. - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** Framing effects occur when the presentation of information influences decision-making. For example, people may choose differently when an outcome is framed positively (e.g., saving lives) versus negatively (e.g., people dying), even when the scenarios are statistically equivalent.  **Which of the following examples illustrates the framing effect in a healthcare decision?** - A\) A doctor choosing a treatment that saves 200 out of 600 patients rather than one that has a 33% chance of saving all patients. - B\) A patient relying on the first piece of information given by their physician. - C\) A nurse using the most recent case example to determine treatment. - D\) An individual using prior knowledge to determine a diagnosis. - **Correct Answer:** A - **Feedback:** This example illustrates the framing effect by showing how people prefer a certain outcome when it is framed in terms of gains (e.g., saving lives) rather than risks (e.g., chance of death), even if the probabilities are the same.  **When someone perceives a joke as humorous because it involves an unexpected but non-threatening violation, they are experiencing:** - A\) Availability Heuristic - B\) Representativeness Heuristic - C\) Benign Violation Theory - D\) Confirmation Bias - **Correct Answer:** C - **Feedback:** The benign violation theory explains how humor arises when there is a discrepancy that violates expectations but does not cause harm. This makes the violation feel safe and amusing, which is why people laugh when they realize the punchline of a joke.