Psychosocial Development During The First Three Years PDF

Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Chapter 6 © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Guideposts for Study l When and how do emotions develop, and how do babies show them? l How do infants show temperamental differences...

Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Chapter 6 © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Guideposts for Study l When and how do emotions develop, and how do babies show them? l How do infants show temperamental differences, and how enduring are those differences? l What roles do mothers and fathers play in early personality development? l When and how do gender differences appear? © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Guideposts for Study l How do infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how do infants and caregivers “read” each other’s nonverbal signals? l When and how does the sense of self arise, and how do toddlers develop autonomy and standards for socially acceptable behavior? l How do infants and toddlers interact with siblings and other children? l How do parental employment and early child care affect infants’ and toddlers’ development? © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Emotions l Subjective responses to experience l Sadness, joy, fear l Associated with – Physiological changes – Behavioral changes l Expressions depend upon culture and personality © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc First Signs of Emotion: Crying! l It is obvious when newborns are upset! – Piercing cries, flailing of limbs, stiff body l Types of cries: – Hunger – Pain – Frustration l More difficult to tell when the newborn is happy © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Emotions: First Month l Baby becomes quiet at: Sound of human voice Being picked up l Baby smiles when gently moved – “Pattycake” l Smiling and cooing © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Smiling & Laughing l Involuntary smiles – Appear at birth – Result of subcortical brain activity l Waking smiles after one month – Considered more social – Elicited through gentle jiggling, tickling, or kissing © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Self Emotions l Self-Awareness A realization that one’s existence is separate from others l Self-Consciousness – Depends on having self-awareness – Embarrassment and empathy © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Self-Evaluative Emotions l Pride, shame, and guilt l Require self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted behaviors l Children compare their own thoughts and behaviors against what is socially OK © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Empathy l Ability to put oneself in another’s place – Requires social cognition l Understanding that others have thoughts and feelings – Ideas about others’ feelings are used to gauge own behavior l Egocentrism—absence of empathy © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Brain Growth and Emotional Development Four major shifts: l Cerebral cortex becomes functional l Frontal lobes interact with the limbic system l Infant develops self-awareness and consciousness l Hormonal changes coincide with evaluative emotions © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Developmental Milestones: Infant’s Socio- Emotional Domain l https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD_Yqc WCwFQ © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Temperament l A biological predisposition of reactivity l Highly heritable and stable l Generally, how mellow are you from situation to situation? © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Three Temperaments l Easy – Generally happy – Responds well to change and novelty l Slow to Warm Up – Generally mild reactions – Hesitant about new experiences l Difficult – Irritable – Intense emotional responses © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Baby Temperament l https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAmyt5gR d3k © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Goodness of Fit l Adjustment is easiest when the child’s temperament matches the situation – Physically – Socially – Culturally © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Emotions During First Three Years © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  The Mother’s Role: Harry Harlow l Research with rhesus monkeys l Newborns placed with “foster mother” – Cloth mother offered no food – Wire mother provided food l Babies preferred cloth mother l The importance of contact comfort © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Harlow’s Monkeys l https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- Qi7txH1KzY © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  The Father’s Role l Entails emotional commitment and direct involvement l Amount of involvement can vary greatly l In Turkey, research and education programs about father involvement began in the 90s. l More women work outside the home, changing gender roles © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Gender Differences l Gender What it means to be male or female l Gender-typing – Socialization by which children learn gender roles – Parents important in socialization © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Gender differences l Measurable differences are few l Behavioral differences between 1 and 2 years – Boys play more aggressively – Word choices – Perceptions of gender © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust l Newborns and infants develop a sense of reliability of people and objects l Erikson Stage 1: Basic Trust – Sensitive, responsive and consistent care – “Can I count on you to feed me when I’m hungry?” © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Attachment l Reciprocal and enduring bond between child and caregiver l Studied by Mary Ainsworth “Strange situation” experiments © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  «The Strange Situation» Experiment l https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNr HUHU © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Attachment in Strange Situation Attachment Child’s Behavior Plays freely when mother is near Secure Happy when mother returns Insecure- Hovers around mother Resistant Angry when mother returns Inconsistent and erratic Disorganized Seems overwhelmed by stress © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Influences on Attachment l Parental – Level of warmth and responsiveness – Employment and amount of separation – Own memories about their attachment l Baby’s temperament © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Long-Term Effects of Attachment l More securely attached children develop good relationships with others l Larger vocabularies l Higher levels of curiosity and self- confidence l Preparation for adult intimacy © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Box 1: Postpartum Depression l Detrimental effects l Babies may become depressed themselves l Unusual patterns of brain activity l Insecurely attached l Treatment strategies © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Mutual Regulation of Emotions l Infant and caregiver responding to each other’s emotional states l Social Referencing Baby’s attempt to understand an ambiguous situation by seeking out cues from caregiver What would baby do if you said “YECH!” to a toy? © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Emergence of Self Concept l Self-concept: The image of ourselves l Personal agency “I can make that move!” l Self-efficacy “I’m GREAT at making it move!” l Self-awareness – Knowledge of the self as a distinct being – Rouge test © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Box 2: Toddler Struggles l Are “terrible 2s” universal? l Methods of handling sibling conflict l Individual needs vs. group needs © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Autonomy vs. Shame l Autonomy – A shift from external control to self-control – Emerges from trust and self-awareness – The Terrible 2s l Shame and doubt – Help toddler recognize need for limits © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Moral Development l Socialization How children develop habits and values that make them productive members of society l Internalization Making the standards of society your own © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Developing Self-Regulation l Having control over own behavior l Conforming with caregiver’s standards … even if caregiver is not present l Depends on attentional processes – Ability to monitor negative emotions © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Origins of Conscience l Emotional discomfort about doing something wrong l The ability to refrain from doing something wrong l Refraining because they believe it is the right thing to do … not just self-regulation © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Committed and Situational Compliance l Committed Compliance – Willingly follows orders without lapses – Shows internalization of household rules l Situational Compliance – Follows orders with prompting and reminders © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Factors in the Success of Socialization l Security of attachment l Receptive cooperation l Mutual responsiveness of parent and child © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sociabililty with Siblings l Becomes a vehicle for understanding social relationships outside the home l Constructive conflict helps children with empathy © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sociability with Non-Siblings l Babies who spend more time with other babies tend to be more sociable l Toddlers can learn by imitating each other – Playing follow-the-leader – Paves the way for more complex games © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Effects of Parental Employment Little or no effect of maternal employment on children’s: l Compliance l Behavioral problems l Self-esteem l Cognitive development l Academic achievement © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Factors in Impact of Child Care l Structural characteristics – Staff training – Ratio of children to staff l Process characteristics – Warmth and sensitivity of workers – Appropriateness of activities © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Types of Child Abuse l Physical l Neglect l Sexual l Emotional Maltreatment – Causes behavioral, cognitive, or mental disorders – May include rejection © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Research in Action: Shaken Baby Syndrome l A form of maltreatment of children under two years of age l 20% of babies with head trauma die within a few days l Usually a result of caregiver frustration and stress © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Traits of Abusive & Neglectful Families l Perpetrator usually mother l Aggravated by: Marital problems Stressful events (getting laid off) Lack of parental education Poverty Alcoholism Depression © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Community & Cultural Factors in Child Abuse Abuse is more likely if: l Criminal activity is rampant in community l There are few community programs l Violent crime is frequent in that country © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Abuse-Prevention Programs l Teach parenting skills l Offer “respite homes” and “relief parents” l Investigate reports of maltreatment l Provide shelters and therapy l Facilitate foster care © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment l One-third of adults abused as children victimize own children l Sexually abused children grow up with: – Lower self-esteem – Greater risk of depression and anxiety – Risk of precocious sexual behavior © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc