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Questions and Answers
What is one of the first signs of emotion in newborns?
What is one of the first signs of emotion in newborns?
How do emotions in infants generally manifest?
How do emotions in infants generally manifest?
Which of the following describes one way infants gain trust in their environment?
Which of the following describes one way infants gain trust in their environment?
Which aspect of development is influenced by parental employment and early child care?
Which aspect of development is influenced by parental employment and early child care?
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At what age do gender differences in behavior typically begin to appear in development?
At what age do gender differences in behavior typically begin to appear in development?
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Which temperament describes a child who is generally happy and responds well to change?
Which temperament describes a child who is generally happy and responds well to change?
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What aspect does Goodness of Fit refer to in child development?
What aspect does Goodness of Fit refer to in child development?
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In Harlow's study with rhesus monkeys, which mother did the babies prefer?
In Harlow's study with rhesus monkeys, which mother did the babies prefer?
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What role does a father play in child development according to the content?
What role does a father play in child development according to the content?
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How does gender-typing affect children's understanding of gender roles?
How does gender-typing affect children's understanding of gender roles?
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Which behavioral difference is commonly observed between young boys and girls?
Which behavioral difference is commonly observed between young boys and girls?
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What change in societal roles has affected father involvement in child-rearing?
What change in societal roles has affected father involvement in child-rearing?
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Which temperament is characterized by mild reactions and hesitance towards new experiences?
Which temperament is characterized by mild reactions and hesitance towards new experiences?
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What is the primary focus of Erikson's Stage 1: Basic Trust?
What is the primary focus of Erikson's Stage 1: Basic Trust?
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What type of attachment is characterized by a child playing freely when the mother is nearby?
What type of attachment is characterized by a child playing freely when the mother is nearby?
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Which factor is NOT an influence on a child's attachment according to the content?
Which factor is NOT an influence on a child's attachment according to the content?
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What is a potential long-term effect of secure attachment in children?
What is a potential long-term effect of secure attachment in children?
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What behavior indicates a child with disorganized attachment?
What behavior indicates a child with disorganized attachment?
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What is social referencing in the context of emotional regulation?
What is social referencing in the context of emotional regulation?
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Which of the following describes a potential consequence of postpartum depression on infants?
Which of the following describes a potential consequence of postpartum depression on infants?
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Which behavioral response is characteristic of a child with insecure-resistant attachment?
Which behavioral response is characteristic of a child with insecure-resistant attachment?
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Which type of cry is NOT commonly associated with newborns?
Which type of cry is NOT commonly associated with newborns?
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What response does a baby demonstrate when picked up or hears a human voice?
What response does a baby demonstrate when picked up or hears a human voice?
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What type of smiles occurs involuntarily at birth?
What type of smiles occurs involuntarily at birth?
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Which concept requires self-awareness and is linked to emotions like embarrassment?
Which concept requires self-awareness and is linked to emotions like embarrassment?
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Empathy is developed through which cognitive process?
Empathy is developed through which cognitive process?
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What is NOT one of the four major shifts in brain growth related to emotional development?
What is NOT one of the four major shifts in brain growth related to emotional development?
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What biological factor primarily influences temperament in infants?
What biological factor primarily influences temperament in infants?
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Which of the following emotions requires knowledge of socially accepted behaviors?
Which of the following emotions requires knowledge of socially accepted behaviors?
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What best describes self-efficacy?
What best describes self-efficacy?
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What characterizes autonomy in toddlers?
What characterizes autonomy in toddlers?
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What is a significant outcome of effective socialization in children?
What is a significant outcome of effective socialization in children?
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What type of compliance demonstrates a child willingly following rules without reminders?
What type of compliance demonstrates a child willingly following rules without reminders?
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What does the rouge test measure in toddlers?
What does the rouge test measure in toddlers?
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How does constructive conflict with siblings contribute to a child's development?
How does constructive conflict with siblings contribute to a child's development?
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What impact does parental employment typically have on children's development?
What impact does parental employment typically have on children's development?
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Which characteristic is NOT a factor in the success of a child's socialization?
Which characteristic is NOT a factor in the success of a child's socialization?
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What is a key factor in the origins of conscience in children?
What is a key factor in the origins of conscience in children?
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What type of child abuse includes causing mental or emotional disorders?
What type of child abuse includes causing mental or emotional disorders?
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What community characteristic increases the likelihood of child abuse?
What community characteristic increases the likelihood of child abuse?
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Which factor does NOT correlate with long-term effects of maltreatment in children?
Which factor does NOT correlate with long-term effects of maltreatment in children?
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What is a common outcome for children who have undergone the experience of sexual abuse?
What is a common outcome for children who have undergone the experience of sexual abuse?
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Study Notes
Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years
- Psychosocial development encompasses emotional, social, and personality development during infancy and toddlerhood.
- Key developmental milestones, including emotional expression, temperament, attachment, and the emergence of self-concept, are examined in detail.
- The crucial role of caregivers in fostering psychosocial growth is highlighted.
Guideposts for Study
- The study guide focuses on the development of emotions in infants, including how they are expressed and the factors influencing them.
- Temperamental differences among infants, and their persistence or changeability, are explored.
- The contributions of mothers and fathers to early personality development are examined.
- The emergence and characteristics of gender differences in early childhood development are detailed.
Emotions
- Emotions are subjective responses to experiences, including sadness, joy, and fear.
- Emotions are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.
- Expressions of emotions vary according to cultural norms and individual personality.
First Signs of Emotion: Crying
- Crying is a readily observable indicator of infant distress.
- Crying can be categorized into various types, such as hunger, pain, or frustration.
- Detecting happiness in newborns is more challenging than recognizing distress.
Emotions: First Month
- Newborns exhibit calmness when exposed to the sound of human voices or being lifted.
- Gentle movements elicit smiles and cooing in newborns.
Smiling & Laughing
- Involuntary smiles appear at birth, resulting from subcortical brain activity.
- Waking smiles, observed after one month, are considered more socially driven.
- These smiles are triggered by gentle movements, tickling, or kissing.
Self Emotions
- Self-awareness is the understanding that one's existence is separate from others.
- Self-consciousness depends on self-awareness, encompassing feelings like embarrassment and empathy.
Self-Evaluative Emotions
- Pride, shame, and guilt are self-evaluative emotions dependent on self-awareness and understanding of social norms.
- Children evaluate their behavior against socially acceptable standards.
Empathy
- Empathy is the ability to step into another's shoes, requiring social cognition.
- Understanding others' perspectives and feelings is essential for gauging appropriate behavior.
- A lack of empathy is tied to egocentrism.
Brain Growth and Emotional Development
- Four major shifts in brain development contribute to emotional growth.
- The cerebral cortex becomes functional, enabling higher-order thinking.
- Interactions between the frontal lobes and limbic system support emotional regulation.
- Infant development of self-awareness and consciousness is crucial.
- Hormonal changes influence the expression of emotions.
Temperament
- Temperament is a biologically based predisposition to reactivity and emotional response.
- Temperament is largely heritable and generally stable across situations.
Three Temperaments
- Easy temperament: Generally happy, responding well to changes and novelty.
- Slow-to-warm-up temperament: Mild reactions, hesitant to new experiences.
- Difficult temperament: Irritable, intense emotional responses.
Goodness of Fit
- Effective development is facilitated when a child's temperament matches the environmental demands.
Emotions During First Three Years
- An illustration depicts the developmental trajectory of emotions from contentment to self-evaluative feelings.
- A timeline highlights the emergence of different types of emotions during specific periods of development.
The Mother's Role: Harry Harlow
- Harlow's research involving rhesus monkeys highlighted the importance of contact comfort in early bonding.
- Newborns showed a preference for a cloth mother over a wire mother providing food.
Harlow's Monkeys
- A link to a relevant YouTube video pertaining to Harlow's monkey study is provided.
The Father's Role
- Father involvement encompasses emotional engagement and direct participation.
- The extent of involvement can vary considerably across cultures.
Gender Differences
- Gender differences refer to characteristics associated with being male or female.
- Gender-typing refers to socialization influencing children's understanding of gender roles.
Gender Differences
- While measurable gender differences are limited, behavioral differences, such as assertiveness in boys, have been observed in the 1–2-year-old range.
- These differences manifest in playstyles and perceptions of gender.
Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust
- Trust emerges from the reliability and consistency of interactions between infants and caregivers.
- Erikson's stage of trust involves sensitive, responsive, and consistent care.
Attachment
- Attachment is a reciprocal bond between child and caregiver.
- Studies by Ainsworth used the "strange situation" to explore various attachment styles.
"The Strange Situation" Experiment
- A provided link to a relevant YouTube video illustrates the experimental method used in studying infant attachment.
Attachment in Strange Situation
- Attachment types are defined by characteristic behaviors observed in the "strange situation" experiment, including secure, insecure-resistant, disorganized, and insecure-avoidant attachments.
Influences on Attachment
- Factors impacting attachment include parental warmth, responsiveness, employment circumstances, and the child's temperament.
Long-Term Effects of Attachment
- Secure attachment contributes to developing positive relationships, enhanced language acquisition, heightened curiosity, and self-confidence.
Box 1: Postpartum Depression
- Postpartum depression can negatively influence infant development, leading to potential emotional distress and insecure attachment.
- Factors associated with postpartum depression and possible treatment strategies are highlighted.
Mutual Regulation of Emotions
- Caregivers and infants mutually respond to each other's emotional states.
- Social referencing is a crucial aspect of emotional regulation, involving the use of caregiver cues to interpret ambiguous situations.
Emergence of Self-Concept
- Self-concept encompasses one's image and understanding of self as a unique entity.
- Personal agency involves the feeling of self-control and intentionality.
- Self-efficacy refers to a sense of competence and capability.
- Self-awareness is examined through the rouge test.
Box 2: Toddler Struggles
- Difficulties, such as challenges with sibling conflicts and meeting individual versus group needs, are encountered during the toddler years.
Autonomy vs. Shame
- Autonomy marked by a transition from external to self-control, emerging from trust and self-awareness.
- These shifts are visible in the characteristic behaviors associated with the toddler stage.
- Shame and doubt helps toddlers recognize needs for limits.
Moral Development
- Socialization involves learning values and habits, shaping productive social members.
- Internalization refers to integrating societal norms into personal judgments.
Developing Self-Regulation
- Self-regulation, or regulating one's behavior, depends on attentional processes and the ability to manage negative emotions.
- Conforming to caregiver standards even when they are not present is a key aspect of self-regulation.
Origins of Conscience
- Conscience arises from emotional discomfort when acting in ways that contradict societal expectations.
- Refraining from actions perceived as wrong reflects internalization of societal norms.
Committed and Situational Compliance
- Committed compliance involves consistently following expectations without prompting.
- Situational compliance involves following only when reminders or prompts are provided.
Factors in the Success of Socialization
- Secure attachment, receptive cooperation, and mutual responsiveness between parents and children facilitate social development.
Sociability with Siblings
- Interaction with siblings can contribute to the development of social skills and empathy.
- Conflicts with siblings are a component of social development.
Sociability with Non-Siblings
- Interactions with peers outside the family system expand social understanding.
Effects of Parental Employment
- Maternal employment does not consistently impact children's development across different areas like compliance, behavioral problems, self-esteem, cognitive growth, or academic performance.
Factors in Impact of Child Care
- Important elements in evaluating childcare quality include structural factors (e.g., staff training, child-to-staff ratios) and process factors (e.g., caregiver warmth, activity quality).
Types of Child Abuse
- Different forms of abuse, including physical, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment, and their potential negative impact on children's development.
Research in Action: Shaken Baby Syndrome
- Shaken baby syndrome is a form of maltreatment, characterized by potential severe outcomes for infants.
Traits of Abusive & Neglectful Families
- Risk factors in families affected by child abuse/neglect encompass marital issues, significant stressors, difficulties with parental education, poverty, substance use challenges, and depression.
Community & Cultural Factors in Child Abuse
- Factors in the community like crime rates and the availability of support programs influence the likelihood of child abuse.
Abuse-Prevention Programs
- Effective interventions include providing parenting skills training, respite care, reporting mechanisms for abusive situations, shelter programs, and access to therapeutic resources.
Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
- A significant portion of abused children later perpetuate abuse on their own children.
- Adverse effects of early-childhood abuse manifest across all developmental areas (e.g., psychological functioning, behaviors).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the early signs of emotions in newborns and how these feelings manifest as infants grow. Explore the influence of parental employment and early childcare on development, along with aspects like gender differences in behavior. This quiz will enhance your understanding of infant emotional and social growth.
