Human Anatomy for Nursing Students 2024-2025 PDF

Human Anatomy for Nursing Students Dr. Fatima Aljamal 2024-2025  Chapter 5 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton  Divisions of the Skeletal System * The skeleton is subdivided into two parts: 1. Axial skeleton a. Core skeleton (80 bones) b....

Human Anatomy for Nursing Students Dr. Fatima Aljamal 2024-2025  Chapter 5 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton  Divisions of the Skeletal System * The skeleton is subdivided into two parts: 1. Axial skeleton a. Core skeleton (80 bones) b. Head, neck, back, and chest 2. Appendicular skeleton a. Peripheral skeleton (126 bones) b. Upper and lower limbs  Axial skeleton Forms the vertical central axis of the body. Includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Protect brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. Serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back; some muscles move the corresponding limbs.  Axial skeleton : 1. Skull 1. Skull Bones : Consist of 29 bones Cranium bones (8 bones) Facial bones (14 bones) Frontal bone: 1 Zygomatic bones: 2 Parietal bones: 2 Maxillae: 2 Temporal bones: 2 Nasal bones: 2 Occipital bone: 1 Lacrimal bones: 2 Sphenoid bone: 1 Palatine bones: 2 Ethmoid bone: 1 Inferior conchae: 2 Vomer: 1 Mandible: 1  Axial skeleton : 1. Skull - Skull Cavity & Sinuses Sinuses are hollow spaces in the skull and the face bones around your nose. There are four pairs of sinuses: 1. Maxillary sinuses. 2. Frontal sinuses. 3. Ethmoid sinuses. 4. Sphenoid sinuses. Sinuses collectively are called the Paranasal sinuses. Paranasal Sinuses  Axial skeleton: 2. The Vertebral Column The vertebral column is also known as the spinal column or spine Sequence of vertebrae (singular = vertebra), & intervertebral discs in between. Originally develops as 33 vertebrae, but reduced to 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx Regions of the Vertebral Column Divided into 5 regions 1. Cervical (C1 – C7) 2. Thoracic (T1 – T12) 3. Lumber (L1 – L5) 4. Sacrum (5 fusion vertebrae) 5. Coccyx (4 fusion vertebrae)  Axial skeleton: 2. The Vertebral Column Curvatures of the Vertebral Column Spinal curves increase the vertebral column’s strength, flexibility, and ability to absorb shock. We have 4 curves 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumber 4. Pelvic  Axial skeleton: 2. The Vertebral Column Typical vertebra consist of: Vertebral General Structure 1. Body 2. Vertebral arch 3. 7 processes. 4. 3 Foramens 5. Facets  Axial skeleton: 3. The Thoracic cage Thoracic cage (rib cage) forms the thorax (chest) portion of body. Consists of 12 pairs of ribs & costal cartilages & sternum. Ribs anchored posteriorly to 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12).  Appendicular skeleton Peripheral skeleton (126 bones) Consists of: 1. Pectoral girdle 2. Upper limb bones 3. Pelvic girdle 4. Lower limb bones  1. Pectoral Girdle (shoulder girdle) Bones that attach each upper limb to the axial skeleton. Consists of two bones: 1. Clavicle 2. Scapula ** Function 1. Attach the upper limp to the axial skeleton 2. Provides attachment for muscles that move the shoulder and upper limb. 3. Forms Cervico-axillary Canal.  2. Bones of the Upper Limb ❑ The upper limb is divided into 3 regions: 1. Arm (Humerus) 2. Forearm (Ulna & Radius) 3. Wrist (Carpal bones) 4. Hand (Metacarpal & Phalanges) ❑ The upper limb has 3 joints 1. Shoulder (Gleno-humeral joint) 2. Elbow joint 3. Wrist joint  Wrist (Carpal) Carpal bone Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home 2 rows : 1. Proximal → Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform 2. Distal → Trapizum, Trapizoid, Capitate, Hamate 2 joints 1. Radiocarpal Joint 2. Midcarpal joint 3. Carpometacarpal joint 1 Tunnel (Carpal Tunnel)  Hand Metacarpal & phalanges (Carpal) 5 metacarpal → Thumb – little finger (1-5) → base – shaft – head 14 Phalanges → thumb (2) → index – little (3) → Carpometacarpal joint → Carpo phalangeal joint interphalangeal joints of the hand are the joints between the phalanges of the fingers  3. Pelvic Girdle ❑ Pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone (Hip bone) that attaches lower limb to axial skeleton through (Sacroiliac Joint). ❑ Function: Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton Transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs Supports the visceral organs of pelvis Components: ❑ Ilium called “hip bone”. ❑ Ischium called “seat bone”. ❑ Pubis connects in front at pubic symphysis. Pelvis Pelvis is an area located between the abdomen and the thighs or the areas that formed by the four bones (left and right hip bones, with the sacrum, and the coccyx  4. Bones of the Lower limb Lower limb is divided into 3 regions: 1. Thigh (Femur) 2. Leg (Tibia & Fibula) 3. Ankle (Tarsal bones) 4. Foot (Metatarsal & Phalanges) ❑ Lower limb has 3 joints 1. Hip joint 2. Knee joint 3. Ankle joint  Foot (Metatarsal & Phalanges ) Metatarsal & phalanges 5 metatarsal → Numbered from 1-5 14 Phalanges → Big toe (2) → Toes (3) Foot arch