AP World History Quiz Study Guide Key Terms/People/Topics Chapter 4 PDF

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Violators will be prosecuted. Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  AP World History Quiz Study Guide Key Terms/People/Topics Chapter 4 + Tokugawa Empire Empires Period 2: 14501750 A.D./C.E. Key Questions 1. When was the Little Ice Age? What are the significances of the Little Ice Age? What effects did it have in various places around the world? 2. What is the General Crisis? What were its effects? 3. Which were the first two European powers to colonize the Americas? 4. What is the Treaty of Tordesillas? 5. What two major events in the 1300’s and 1400’s led to the Europeans seeking new trade routes to Asia? 6. Describe the different motives guiding European engagement and colonization of the Americas. 7. What kind of technology aided the Europeans in their voyages to the Americas? 8. Which two major American Native empires did the Spanish conquer? a. What technology aided the Europeans? b. How did disease from Europe impact the Native Americans? (The Great Dying) 9. What was the Columbian Exchange? a. What did the Americas receive from Europe? (Animals, plants, crops) b. What did Eurasia gain from the Americas? (Animals, plants, crops) 10. What was mercantilism? How did this system of economics incentivize European colonization? a. What was the Triangular Trade Route? b. What was the Middle Passage? 11. Describe the social structure that arose in Spanish America. a. Castas 12. Describe the economic system of Spanish colonial America. 13. Describe the importance of sugar production in the colonies (economic significance, social significance). Where did sugarcane originate? 14. Compare/contrast the ethnic composition of Spanish America and Portuguese America. 15. Describe the use of slave labor in the Americas. Which regions used it heavily? 16. Describe the status of Black, biracial, and multiracial people in Portuguese versus English North America. 17. What were some of the motives of the earliest English colonists in North America? Where did several of the groups first settle? 18. Who were more numerous in the Americas the Spanish or the British? 19. Why were the farms in the New England and middle Atlantic colonies not in need of slave labor in the same way as those farms in the Caribbean, Brazil? 20. Describe the difference in focus between English Protestants and Spanish Catholics. 21. Why did practices of selfgovernment & elected assemblies develop more so in British colonies rather than in Spanish colonies? 22. Describe the expansion of Russia eastward and westward. Where did it meet the most resistance? 23. What technology gave the Russians superiority over the diverse peoplegroups to the east? 24. What was the value of “soft gold”? 25. What was yasak? How did the Russians' conquest of the people of Siberia impact them? 26. What policies did the Russians put into place? 27. What policy did the Russians have towards Mulsims? 28. How did Catherine the Great shift Russian policy toward Muslims? 29. What kinds of policies did both Peter the Great and Catherine the Great put into effect in seeking to “westernize” Russia? 30. According to the book, Russia had identity problems – why? 31. Geographically and historically, how was/is the colonization of the British, Spanish, and Portuguese in the Americas different from the imperial growth of Russia? 32. What did the Ming do regarding “restoring” millions of acres of cultivation? 33. Ming Dynasty: How did the requirement of taxes in currency spur on economic growth? 34. Review the above key terms under the “Ming”. 35. How did the Manchu takeover the Ming Dynasty, establishing the Manchu (Qing) Dynasty? 36. According to the book, how did the General Crisis/Little Ice Age affect the Ming Dynasty? 37. Describe the Qing Dynasty's cultural and political interaction with the Chinese people of the former Ming Dynasty. 38. Describe the interaction of the Qing Dynasty with conquered regions, culturally consider the use of the Court of Colonial Affairs. 39. Describe the geographic expansion of the Chinese empire under the Qing Dynasty. What significance does this expansion hold for the modern world? (Qing Expansion). 40. How did the Qing conquests and the Russian Empire transform the region of Central Asia from its earlier time? (Think Silks Roads.) a. Also what happened to the nomadic pastoralists? 41. Which Islamic dynasty began to fragment in the 10001100’s? Which Turkish Islamic dynasty fell to the Mongols in the the 1200’s? 42. After the Mongols lost their power in the Middle East, which Islamic Empire arose? 43. How did the Ottomans come to power? What is jihad? 44. How did the Ottomans come to view themselves, in terms of Islam? 45. Which three roles did the Ottoman Turk fill? What is a theocracy? 46. Which form of Islam did the Ottomans practice? 47. Describe the effects of Ottoman rule on women. 48. Islamic rule in the Ottoman Empire allowed what kinds of rights to women, according to the book? 49. Which Christian empire was conquered by the Ottomans? What was Constantinople renamed as? 50. Where are the Balkans? How did the Ottomans rule over Christians there? 51. Why did some Jews flee Spain and go to the Ottoman Empire? 52. What was the practice of devshirme? 53. How did the people of Persia convert to Islam? 54. When the Safavid Shah rose to power, what kind of government did he have? 55. What type of Islam was practiced in the Safavid Empire, Sunni or Shia? 56. Describe the Shia Safavids turmoil with their fellow Muslim regional neighboring empires of the Ottoman Turks and the Mughal what major difference contributed to it?  a. What happened between 1649 and 1653? 57. The Mughal Empire arose in which region? 58. Which two religions/cultures come into contact under the Mughal Empire? a. What was the percentage breakdown according to the book? 59. Where did the rulers of the Mughal Empire claim descendancy from? How did they gain power in India? Through what? 60. How could the Mughal Empire’s control be described? 61. What crucial role did the zamindars play in the Mughal Empire? 62. Describe/compare/contrast the rule of an Emperor such as Akbar and Aurangzeb consider the political, cultural (including architecture, academics, arts), and religious differences most of all. 63. What ultimately led to the downfall of the Mughal Empire? 64. Where was the Songhay Empire? How would you describe its location, in the context of it being a Muslim empire? 65. What major imperial states came before the Songhay Empire? 66. Describe the significance of cities such as Gao and Timbuktu? 67. Who was Sonni Ali? Describe the political and cultural “tightrope” he had to walk. 68. Who had hostility toward Sonni Ali? Why? 69. How did Askiya Muhammad rule? What title did he take on after a visit to Mecca? 70. Nevertheless, how did one scholar view Askiya Dawud after visiting his court? 71. Describe the city of Timbuktu, economically and culturally. 72. What led to the fall of the Songhay Empire? 73. Comparing Empires a. Which empires are called the “gunpowder empires”? Why? b. Describe the human suffering that occurred as a result of conquest, as written in the textbook. c. Describe the revolts mentioned in the textbook: i. Cossacks in southern Russia and Ukraine ii. Maratha Confederacy iii. Pueblo Revolt d. Describe the techniques developed by empires for maintaining rule: i. Use of Bureaucracy → system for adjudicating disputes, collecting taxes, and enforcing imperial policy ii. Qing Dynasty Court of Colonial Affairs, extension of what? Who was it initially staffed by? iii. Ottomans devshirme iv. Mughal Empire zamindars e. Legitimacy of rule/government: i. European and Russian Rulers: Divine Right ii. Ottoman Rulers: Caliph – civil and religious successor of Muhammad iii. Safavid: Shia version of Islam iv. Spanish America: f. Cultural Uniformity v. Cultural Accommodation i. Ottomans toward Christians in the Balkans ii. Mughal (Akbar) policies toward Hindus iii. Songhay Empire’s refusal to impose Islam on its rural subjects  iv. Qing dynasty not incorporating Central Asian people into mainstream Chinese culture g. Continuation of old patterns v. patterns not seen before h. Economic benefit of imperial/territorial acquisition i. Who benefitted the most? 74. Tokugawa a. What is a shogunate? b. What philosophy did the Tokugawa Shogunate adopt? c. What religion was practiced in Tokugawa Japan? d. What did the Tokugawa regime do to prevent outside religious/cultural influences? e. What kind of economy did Japan have during this period? f. Was this government centralized or decentralized? Spanish America 75. Hernan Cortes 76. Francisco Pizarro 77. Montezuma 78. Dona Marina 79. The Great Dying 80. Mercantilism 81. Triangular Trade Route 82. Aztecs 83. Encomienda 84. Hacienda System 85. Peon 86. Peninsulares 87. Creoles 88. Mestizo/Mestiza 89. Castas 90. absolute monarchy 91. Pueblo Revolt English America 92. Mercantilism 93. Triangular Trade Route 94. Puritans 95. Quakers 96. Jointstock companies 97. Royal Charter 98. Parliament 99. Constitutional Monarchy Ming 100. Emperor Yongle 101. Beijing 102. Forbidden City 103. Encyclopedia 104. Temple of Heaven 105. Mongol Cultural reprogramming 106. Civil Service Examination 107. Maritime Voyages Qing 108. Qing Expansion: Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet 109. Trade, tribute, warfare 110. Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) 111. Court of Colonial Affairs Ottoman 112. Byzantine Empire 113. Balkans 114. Devshirme 115. Janissaries 116. Timar 117. Suleiman 118. Siege of Vienna Safavid 119. Safi alDin 120. Sufi 121. Persian 122. Absolute monarchy 123. Shah 124. SafavidMughal War Mughal 125. zamindars 126. Akbar 127. sati 128. Taj Mahal 129. ulama 130. jizya 131. Ramayana 132. Maratha Confederacy Songhay 133. Gao, Timbuktu 134. Sonni Ali 135. Askiya Dawud Tokugawa 136. Philosophy/Culture & religion 137. Tokugawa period, (1603–1867), the final period of traditional Japan Portuguese in America 138. mulattoes 139. Mercantilism 140. Triangular Trade Route Russia 141. Christendom 142. Orthodox Christianity 143. Soft Gold 144. Yasak 145. Catherine the Great 146. Peter the Great 147. Westernization 148. European Enlightenment 149. autocratic 150. Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) 151. Cossacks Key Geography Figure 1 Answer the following questions using figure 1 Which territories were colonized by which European country? What are the different Caribbean territories? Figure 2 Anser the following questions using figure 2 What regions were previously Byzantine territory? Identify the Balkan region? Where is Vienna? Where do important Islamic cities such as Medina, Mecca, and Baghdad fall under the Ottoman Empire?