Chapter 4 - Breeding and Reproduction PDF

Chapter 4: BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION  Purpose of Breeding Improvement or enhancement of the performance of the animal to increase productivity Meat Milk Dual Breeder Money Systems of Breeding 1. Pure breeding/Straight- breeding It is the mating o...

Chapter 4: BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION  Purpose of Breeding Improvement or enhancement of the performance of the animal to increase productivity Meat Milk Dual Breeder Money Systems of Breeding 1. Pure breeding/Straight- breeding It is the mating of unrelated individuals of the same breed. Practiced when a raiser wants to maintain primarily the purity of his stocks. For example, unrelated Boer bucks are mated to does of the same breed. Systems of Breeding 2. Crossbreeding The mating of individuals of one breed with those of another breed possessing some desired characteristics. Crossbreeding brings new genetic variation into the goat flock and can dramatically improve the performance of goats. Systems of Breeding 3. Inbreeding A system of mating two individuals whose relationship is closer than the average. Inbreeding can become a problem in population for two reasons: firstly, because it can throw up occasional physical deformities in offspring (an example in goats is the occurrence of an undershot jaw), and secondly (and more seriously) because in- breeding depression may result in a reduction in the size, fertility, and possibly occurrence in each succeeding generation.  Systems of Breeding 4. Grading-up (Upgrading) ◼ It is the gradual improvement of a breed through repeated mating of the local breed with an improved sire. ◼ Used to infuse exotic bloodline of bucks to an existing breed, usually native or unimproved females. ◼ It is the cheapest breeding system even for the prospective purebred breeder.  Systems of Breeding 4. Grading-up (Upgrading) ◼ With this system, the first filial generation (F1) will contain 50% of the improved breed. ◼ On subsequent generations, the infusion of the improved stocks will be 75% and 87.5% is the F2 and F3, respectively.  Goat Upgrading Program ◼ Resulted in significant improvement in productivity - born heavier - exhibit faster growth rate - heavier stocks at market time - more meat and milk produced - higher income  Using Purebred Buck (Two Breed Cross) X Purebred buck Native Doe 1 F1 (50% Purebred:50% Native) X Purebred buck F1 2 F2 (75% Purebred:25% Native) X Purebred buck F2 3 F3 (87.5% Purebred:12.5% Native)  Starting with an Upgraded Buck Upgraded buck (40 kg) Native doe (20 kg) (75% AN:25% N) X (100% N) 1 F1 (30 kg) (37.5% AN:62.5% N) Purebred buck (50 kg) F1 (30 kg) (100% AN) X (37.5% AN:62.5% N) 2 F2 (40 kg) (68.75% AN:31.25% N) Purebred buck (50 kg) F2 (40 kg) (100% AN) X (68.75% AN:31.25% N) 3 F3 (50 kg) (84.37% AN:15.63% N)  Breeding Scheme of Three-way Cross Breed (50% Boer : 37.5% Anglo- Nubian: 12.5% Native)  Reproductive Phenomena Goat Sheep Weaning Age 2-4 months 3-5 months Age of Puberty 4-8 months 6-10 months Estrus/Heat 2-3 days 24-48 hours Estrus Cycle 18-21 days 15-19 days Ovulation 33 hours after the beginning of estrus Gestation/Pregnancy 145-155 days 144-151 days  Best Time to Breed 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 hours Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Early Best Late Ovulation Estrus Cycle  Signs of Estrus/Heat Mounting and receptiveness Shaking of tail from side to side Bleating Mucous discharge from the vulva Vulva is swollen and inflamed Nervousness Frequent urination Lack/capricious appetite Decrease in milk yield  Farm Productivity Evaluation Fertility - the regular production of viable offspring. Services per conception - average number of services required per conception or per birth carried full term in the flock. Kidding size - the total number of kids born during one kidding season per breed.  Farm Productivity Evaluation Kidding Rate/Percentage - number of breeding does mated and usually calculated as: Number of kids born in comparison to the number of does exposed to bucks Example: If 100 breeding does were exposed to bucks and 140 kids were born alive, then 140/100 x 100 = 140%  Farm Productivity Evaluation Kidding Interval - number of days between two successive kidding = date of 1st kidding/ date of 2nd kidding Kidding index = 365 days / average production cycle or kidding interval Conception rate = number of pregnant does / number of does serviced x 100 Farm Productivity Evaluation - native Conception rate 75% Kidding index 1.35 per year Average kid size 1.50 M:F ratio 50:50 Preweaning mortality 25% Market age 8 months 6 kids can Average slaughter weight 25 kg 8 x 25% = 2 be mortality marketed 5 x 75% = 3.8 or 4 does Farm Productivity Evaluation - upgraded Conception rate 87% Kidding index 1.5 per year Average kid size 1.6 M:F ratio 50:50 Preweaning mortality 5% Market age 6-8 months 4.35 x 1.5 x 1.6 9-10 kids can be sold Average slaughter weight 23-25 kg = 10 kids 5%x 10 =0.5 5 x 87% =? mortality 4.35 does Causes of Reproductive Failure ◼ Unfertile sperm buck ◼ Abnormal sperm ◼ Hormonal malfunction ◼ Over fat condition ◼ Malnutrition ◼ Diseases and injury  Increasing Reproductive Performance ◼ Disease control ◼ Good nutrition ◼ Proper age and weight of the animal must be considered ◼ Separate bucks from the rest of the herd ◼ Follow recommended male female ratio (1:25) ◼ Proper timing in breeding must be followed ◼ Early weaning must be considered (3-4 mos.) ◼ Proper herd health management ◼ Introduction of A.I., estrus synchronization ◼ Proper feeding and nutrition Biotechnology in Goat Reproduction ◼ Artificial Insemination (A.I) ◼ Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) Process of Semen Collection and Artificial Insemination  A teaser buck is a male goat used to detect heat. This goat has been Heat detection vasectomized and thinks that he can breed because his hormones still rage, but he is shooting blanks.  Semen Collection and Evaluation Artificial vagina (7 cm in diameter and 15 cm long) for semen collection Microscope and a hemocytometer for semen evaluation Artificial Insemination Catheter for semen deposition fitted with either a rubber bulb or a 2ml syringe Speculum for opening the vagia Flashlight or penlight  Advantages ◼ Permits breeding of many does on one day when synchronization is practiced ◼ The danger of transmission of diseases or parasites is greatly reduced ◼ Young does may be bred to not yet proven but high potential bucks, while the majority of the herd can be bred to proven high quality bucks  Advantages ◼ The time of breeding can be more carefully regulated, and the owner knows exactly when the doe was bred, as opposed to pasture servicing by a buck that is allowed to run with the herd ◼ AI induces good record keeping of dates of heat, breeding, pedigrees, etc. This will aid in herd improvements and enable the owner to make better culling decisions  Disadvantages ◼ Cost of equipments is too expensive ◼ Heat detection may be more difficult in the absence of a buck ◼ Raisers are not particular with this new technology  Embryo Transfer A reproductive technology in which embryos from donor females are collected and transferred in fresh or frozen from the recipient females  Traditional MOET (Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer) Breeding 10-15 embryos 3 embryos/recipient R1 R2 R3 R4 10-15 embryos/donor/collection 3 collections/year collection of 30-45 embryos /donor/year transferred to 12 recipients 1-2 kids/doe/kidding production of 30 offsprings/year ADVANTAGES AN DISADVANTAGES OF MOET ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ◼ Produce goat embryos from the genetically superior ◼ Cost of equipment is too donor goats expensive ◼ Produce genetically ◼ Raisers are not particular superior kids from the embryos collected with this new technology ◼ Enhance multiple kidding ◼ Small hold raisers cannot adopt this technology ANIMAL HEALTH CARE What is a Disease? Any impairment in the Signs of an ill animal: body functions of the ◼ Depression animal. ◼ Inappetence ◼ Isolation Disease can be: ◼ Abnormal respiration ◼ Infectious ◼ Fever ◼ Non-infectious ◼ Diarrhea ◼ Contagious Common Goat Diseases Kid hypoglycemia and hypothermia Causes: Lack of assistance during kidding Poor housing Inadequate milk Signs: General weakness of kid/s Kid/s unable to stand Subnormal temperature  Common Goat Diseases Kid hypoglycemia and hypothermia Prevention and treatment – Offer fresh forages, concentrates and water to dam – Isolate doe about to give birth – Provide kidding pen – Assist the kids in sucking milk – Bottle-feed if necessary using milk from other doe or by using milk replacers Common Goat Diseases Lameness/Paralysis Causes - Traumatic injury - Mineral deficiency (calcium, magnesium and thiamine) during peak of lactation - Ketosis or pregnancy toxemia Clinical signs - Incoordination - Difficulty in standing or walking - Dragging of legs - Recumbent Common Goat Diseases Lameness/Paralysis Management - Vitamin supplementation - Give mineral supplement (DCM or CBG) - Provide UMMB as supplement - Always provide concentrate supplement - Provide adequate nutrition - Treat wounds in case of injury Common Goat Diseases Contagious ecthyma Cause: Virus (Parapoxvirus) Transmission: Direct and indirect contact Signs: Scabs in lips, nostrils, feet, udder, anus, external genitalia Common Goat Diseases Contagious ecthyma Treatment: – Supportive treatment – Antibiotic for secondary bacterial infection – Antiseptics/fly repellant – Vitamins – Feeding soft grasses Prevention: – Isolation of infected animal – Cleaning and disinfection Common Goat Diseases Respiratory infection Cause: - bacteria and viruses Transmission: - direct and indirect contact Signs: inappetence, coughing, fever, sneezing, depression, dyspnea, nasal/ocular discharge Common Goat Diseases Respiratory infection Predisposing factors: ▪ extreme weather conditions ▪ Poor ventilation and overcrowding ▪ Parasitism Prevention/Treatment: ▪ Eliminate/reduce stress ▪ Isolate affected animal ▪ Antibiotic, mucolytic administration ▪ Vitamins supplementation Common Goat Diseases Diarrhea Causes: ▪ Infectious agents, usually worms ▪ Abrupt changes in feeding Signs: ▪ Daggy around anus ▪ May be dehydrated and weak ▪ dry and ruffled coat Common Goat Diseases Diarrhea Management: ▪ stop diarrhea and rehydrate the animal ▪ Give antibiotic (bacteria), coccidiostat (coccidia), dewormer (helminths) Common Goat Diseases Mastitis Cause: Bacteria (Streptococcus, Pasteurella, E. coli, Mycoplasma) Transmission: contact to unhygienic environment Clinical Signs: swollen, red or black, hot, painful to touch udder; milk changes color Farmer Livestock School on Goat Enterprise Management…Venturina Common Goat Diseases Mastitis Treatment/Prevention: ▪ Hot compress ▪ administration ▪ Wash the udder with lukewarm water with antiseptic ▪ Infected milk should be stripped off from the udder ▪ Observe hygienic milking technique ▪ Early diagnosis Common Goat Diseases Bloat Cause: - Feeding of pure legumes, high level of concentrate, or wet forages; Obstruction Signs: - Difficulty in breathing and recumbency - Enlargement of left side of stomach area - Delayed diagnosis may lead to death Management: - Release air by puncture - Drinking mineral or vegetable oil of water with light detergent - Balanced ration  Mange (ectoparasite) ◼ Cause: Sarcoptes scabie ◼ Transmission: Direct contact ◼ Clinical Signs: Hardened, thickened, alopecia on the eyes, ears, chest areas and abdomen, pruritus ◼ Treatment Dipping with acaricide or injection with Ivermectin  Endoparasitism ◼ Cause: Round worm (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia) Flukes (Fasciola gigantica) Tape worm (Monieza expansa) ◼ Clinical Signs: Diarrhea, inappetence, emaciation, poor/dull hair coat, anemia, depression  Endoparasitism ◼ Treatment: 1. Deworming - Albendazole - Levamisole - Ivermectin - Trichlabendazole 2. Give vitamins 3. Hematinics  Caseous Lymphadenitis ◼ Cause: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ◼ Transmission: Direct/indirect contact ◼ Clinical Signs: enlarging, localized, abscessed, reddened lymph nodes  Caseous Lymphadenitis ◼ Treatment: 1. Open/drain abscess before they burst 2. Wash with H2O2 or mild alcohol 3. clean with iodine or spray with fly repellant 4. administer antibiotics  Disease Prevention and Sanitation Program ◼ Provide safe pasture ◼ Practice sanitation ◼ Eliminate hazards ◼ Disposal of dead animals ◼ Quarantine newly acquired animals ◼ Isolate sick animals ◼ Provide adequate housing ◼ Have a vaccination program ◼ Schedule your parasite control program ◼ Minimize entry of people, other animals Commonly Used Drugs Antibiotics ANTI-DIARRHEAL PESSARY VITAMINS & MINERALS DEWORMERS ACARICIDE DISINFECTANT ANTISEPTIC Routes of Drug Administration Oral (Drenching) Oral (coblet) Vitamin Administration (Intramuscular) Subcutaneous Intravaginal Administration Dipping  Next topic: Chapter 5. Terminologies used in Large Ruminant Industry and Beef Cattle Production