Chapter 3: Local and Global Communication In Multicultural Settings PDF

 CHAPTER 3 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings  Communication is guided by culture and context. Culture is manifested in our actions and affects how we tell the world who we are and what we believe in. The context of communication brings a better understa...

 CHAPTER 3 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings  Communication is guided by culture and context. Culture is manifested in our actions and affects how we tell the world who we are and what we believe in. The context of communication brings a better understanding about culture in general and in particular.  Edward T. Hall a cultural anthropologist He conceptualized that context is anything that refers to the stimuli, environment or ambiance surrounding an event. Our notion of context leads us to be able to adapt to a multicultural perspective of communication.  Local Communication is highly grounded on the cultural context. This context of communication reflects the culture of the people who are creating their self-identity and community. On the other hand, global communication has become the modifying factor of local communication. It attempts to bring changes that affect communication conventions.  Intercultural Communications refers concerns to the ability to understand and value cultural differences.  Language is a cultural component that linked to intercultural understanding. In using language and its non-verbal clues, it enhance oral and written communication in intercultural environment to achieve intercultural competence. Principle of Cooperative Conversation  Local and global communication are kept constant in a multicultural setting. It requires the need to foster cooperative conversation for a successful communication. The norm or convention in communicating should be observed by the communicators regardless of their cultural backgrounds and the required context of oral communication.  Culture is considerable and context recognizable, however communicators should communicate following Grice's Principle of Cooperative Conversation. This states that every communicator engaging in a conversation should follow a set of convention during communication. Failure to recognize Grice's four maxims in conversation would mean inefficient and ineffective in any local and global communication.  Four Grice's Principle of Cooperative Conversation 1. Maxim of Relation Every interlocutor should be relevant in conversation and to this they should be sensitive in the communication process. The communicators should be relevant to or in conversation. There are words to be deleted in order to minimize the time of talking. 2. Maxim of quantity Grice underscore that every interlocutor should observe a "fair-share-talk-time”. Everyone should be given the opportunity to talk. In local culture, dominating the conversation gives a negative impression. Hence, be brief and give others the chance to talk. 3. Maxim of quality The truth value of a message is held primary in a conversation. The accuracy of the message should be upheld. It should not go beyond what is true nor deduced in its essence. The requirement is to manifest honesty in words in order to talk with quality. 4. Maxim of manner In the local culture, the manner of saying a word is more regarded than its content. How a person negotiated meaning is very important in conversation. This maxims also pertains to the clarity of speech to avoid misinterpretation. Four Grice’s Principle of Cooperative Conversation Maxim of Relation Maxim of Quantity Maxim of Quality Maxim of Manner  MODES OF COMMUNICATION  Words and gestures are used in particular region or country to give meaning to certain ideas. Words are primary in communication, but gestures would even make a meaningful communication.  Words, Greetings, and Expression Used in Intercultural Communication Language is linked to intercultural understanding. Words, greetings, and expression are used based on culture and context. How do you say “Take care” in different language? Language Translation Context Filipino Ingat Kapampangan Mimingat Cebuano Dap-a śap ag-atiman Iluko agannadka Added is the topic “ka” which means “you” Language Translation Context Indonesian Hatihati Malay Jagadiri Mandarin Băozhòng  Common words, greetings, and expression in four languages. Words/Expressions French Spanish Korean Mandarin /Chinese Hello bonjour hola annyeong Ni hăo Goodbye Oh reh-vwah Adios Annyeong zaijian higasipsio Thank you Merci! gracias Gomawo Xie xie ni I love you Je t’aime Te amo Sarang Haeyo Wo ai ni Body Language used in Intercultural Communication  Body Language is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible body language communicates particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with speech. In multicultural context of communication, you should be culturally sensitive to the differences of this body language. A. Shaking Hands B. A-OK sign C. Thumbs-Up D. Sitting with crossed legs E. Eye contact F. Nodding the head G. Tugging the earlobes H. Pointing using lips I. Broad arm movement EXERCISE Answer the following questions in a ½ crosswise sheet of yellow paper. Your answers should be limited to 5 sentences only. 1. What are the differences of the four Maxims under Grice’s Principle of Cooperative Communication? 2. Explain the importance of awareness in the meaning of various body languages in different parts of the world?  THE ABC'S OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION  The ABC's Intercultural Communication Communication is complex. – the cultural and contextual factors embedded in it. – I t i s a l s o ch a l l e n g i n g d u e t h e m a n y way s i n w h i ch communication can ver y between cultures as well as individuals – plus the requirements needed by an individual to satisfy the conversational convention. Lewis (2008) provided the following ABC's of Intercultural Communication A. Acknowledge B. Bi-Level C. Clarity Acknowledge Difference in communication style should be acknowledge Every person in a group has a particular communication style which give her/his own identify Awareness on differences will increase awareness of uniqueness Bi-level Communication does not only uphold speaking and listening but also require a holistic process that includes verbal and non-verbal channels. Clarify If in doubtful of your understanding about what is being communicated. Ask for clarification Devote a little extra time to verify understanding so that you can save time and avoid frustration. Cultural Communication Barriers CULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS 1.Language Barrier Language is evidently the primary barrier of communication in second and foreign language context. 2. Hostle Stereotypes Stereotypes are generalization or assumptions people make about the characteristic of members of a group based. 3. Behavior differences Difference behavior between employees and different cultures can cause misunderstanding. Every culture has its norms about what regarded as appropriate behavior. 4. Emotional display Like at some workplace, showing off extreme anger may imply unprofessionalism  DEVELOPING WRITTEN COMMUNICATION TO MULTICULTURAL AUDIENCES  Guffey (2008), elaborates that written messages can be improved by: Considering local formats Observe title and status Using short sentences and paragraphs Avoiding ambiguous expression Striving for clarity Using correct grammar Citing number carefully Accommodating readers in organization, tone, and style  The following are Guffey's suggestions coupled with the earlier guidelines that can help you create successful written messages for multicultural audiences  Documents have their standard formats 1. Consider Decide whether to use your local styles organization's preferred format or adjust to local styles  Use last names, titles, and other signals 2. Observe of rank and status For instance, in writing the inside address titles and of a letter, the title and position of the status receiver should be explicitly written This signals politeness in business letters Observance of Title and Status Engr. Marco Philip S. Mercado District Engineer, Tarlac 1st District Engineering Office Hilario Street, Tarlac City, Tarlac Non-observance of Title and Status Marco Philip S. Mercado Tarlac 1st District Engineering Office Hilario Street, Tarlac City, Tarlac  The use of a few words in sentences 3. Use and a few lines in paragraphs is greatly short considered for the readability of the sentences message and short Check the lexical feature of your paragraphs sentences and paragraphs  Barrot (2014) reported in his study that lexical and syntactic features contribute to complexity in reading comprehension. However, he found out that not all short sentences and short paragraphs are readable and comprehensible.  Use action-specific words 4. Avoid Also include relative pronouns (that, which, who) for clarity in introducing ambiguous clauses expressions Do not use contractions (don't, can't, weren't) Stay away from using the following: a. Idioms and figurative clichés This form of language uses words and expressions with meaning that is different from the literal interpretation Example: Beat the clock —to do something before the desdline Do the dirty work — to do the disagreeable, illegal, dishonest things b. Slang It is a shortcut or highly colloquial word that suggest excessive informality and lack of appreciation in the workplace setting Example: Gonna— going to Wanna—want to Okay— all right c. Acronym It is formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word Example: LAM— Leave a message IMO— in my opinion AKA— also known as AWOL— absent without leave  d. Abbreviation It is a short form of a lengthy expression Example: Acct— account Ad— advertisement Fwd— forward W/o— without e. Jargon It is a type of language that is used in a particular occupation, often words are meaningless outside a certain context Example: Helicopter view— an overview of a job or a project Desk job— a job that is typically confined to duties from a desk  To present the message clearly 5. Strive Avoid words that have multiple meanings for Clarify words that may be confusing clarity Rephrase phrasal verbs with clear single words  Any written documents 6. Use should be grammatically correct correct grammar Accuracy in writing guarantees the writers  Numbers should be written following the metric system 7. Cite Spell out numbers one to numbers nine and write the figure for number 10 and above, but carefully spell out the number if it begins in sentences  Always convert dollar figures into local currency Avoid using figures to express the date for example, February 14,2020 should not be written as 2/14/20 Guidelines on data format must be observed  Organize your message, observing appropriate tone and style, to appeal to 8. your audience Accommodate Style is the way in which your document is the reader in written which influences the readers impression of the information itself organization, The overall tone or the attitude of a piece tone, and style of writing should be appropriate to the audience and the purpose  ENHANCING ORAL COMMUNICATION IN A MULTICULTURAL SETTING Guffey (2008) — suggest the following helpful situations in which one or both communications may be using English as a second language 1. Learn Foreign Phrases. learn how to speak their language —greetings and survival expressions in this language 2. Use Simple English Use simple vocabulary with short sentences The simplicity of the language contributes to comprehensibility and appreciation of the communication process Avoid using culture specific terms 3. Speak slowly and enunciate clearly Do not talk fast when communicating. 4. Observe eye message The eyes are the windows of the soul The sincerity of speakers is gauged at their eyes 5. Encourage accurate feedback Let your listeners respond verbally Non-verbal responses, such as, a head nod or a smile do not indicate comprehension 6. Check frequently for comprehension Do not proceed to B unless A has been grasped 7. Accept blame If your listener were not able to understand what you said, and they became inquisitive, graciously accept the blame. It is your obligation as the speaker to talk with clarity 8. Listen without interrupting Do not attempt to fill out ideas for the speaker, else you will be described impolite Turn taking is a rule of thumb and must not be taken for granted 9. Smile when appropriate Smile is a useful form of communication Do not smile excessively because in other cultures, it would mean insincerity 10. Follow up in writing Results of conversations or oral negotiation should be confirmed with follow up letters For documents that require a full understanding of the recipient (e.g., proposal and contracts) Translation of this kind in the local language is highly recommended END OF CHAPTER 3 ACTIVITY 1 Write a personal letter to your chosen friend. Make sure that you will follow the guidelines in writing a message and the correct format in writing a letter.