ENG101: Purposive Communication Module 3 PDF

ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcel...

ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos MODULE 3 LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS Brief Introduction or Description This part discusses culture, the importance of cultural understanding, and the roles of communication in multicultural settings. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the module, you should be able to: 1. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images 2. Adopt cultural awareness and sensitivity in the communication of ideas Pre-Activity - Before Reading Questions 1. How should a person communicate with people from different backgrounds? 2. Is non-verbal communication universal? 3. Why is it important to be culturally appropriate in the workplace? Lesson 3 Link for Lecture Video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VNBJWuZVW2uIKNcNDnLrm4g62uQCgaOF/view?usp=drive_link INTRODUCTION Local and international businesses nowadays believe that schools should help students to think more globally. Cultural awareness and understanding global issues are particularly valued and are as equally important as learning a foreign language nowadays. Giving young people an understanding of how the world works can be a really important skill as far as thriving in life is concerned (Sutcliffe, 2012). Local Communication in Multicultural Settings Chad Lewis, in his Successful Communication in Multi-cultural Environments, orchestrates how the non-verbal expressions matter to the successful communication under diverse cultural settings. To him even the secondary channels like smell, movement (fidgeting), our body position (posture), racial expressions, yawning to convey a message are important to have a control over, though it is not always possible to do so. For example, seeing a person riding a bi-cycle we can guess that the person is too poor to own a car, he or she has a low social status or perhaps the person had their driving license revoked, though the person might have used it just for being environmentally friendly. Another challenge of the communication in a diverse setting lies in the fact that the secondary channel to convey an expression may be interpreted just opposite to people with other cultural identity. So. learning the body language, personal space or distance in a conversation, and intonation being practiced in a particular community can be very crucial to have learned to develop your communication. In communication, kinesics that refers to the usage of body language, gestures, eye-contacts etc. can be another issue to pose challenges in a diverse culture. Page 1 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos In some places eye-contact is treated as a sign of paying attention or showing interest, but still there are communities that would rather readily take it as a sign of aggression. Again, head wobbling being used in India as a body language to answer a question can lead to misinterpretation to some other cultural context. One more example can be cited in this regard is a physical movement like giving a quick pat on the back to show support or encouragement to a colleague can put you in an awkward situation as there are places where touching of any kind on the body especially between the opposite sexes is strictly prohibited. Intonation conveying a non-verbal message can be another communication challenge for a diverse group as the meaning associated with it is not universal. For instance, in the sentence, 'you are going to party', the accent on the word, "party' would indicate a question for one group while some other groups may take it as an expression of anger or irritation. It can be said that culture is one of the most powerful forces in our world. It controls on what we see, how we make sense of our world, and how we express ourselves. As people from different cultural groups work together, values sometimes differ. When we don't understand each other due to gender, race, class, etc., we sometimes react in ways that make others get bored or angry. Often, we are not aware that cultural differences are the root of miscommunication. Global Communication in Multicultural Setting The homogenous team is a thing of the past in most international organizations and companies. More and more teams are made up of people with different nationalities and therefore different cultures, languages, ideas, behaviors, and ways of doing things. Some would argue that the 'international language of business' negates any real communication issues within such a cross-cultural team; however, those with hands-on experience of such teams would disagree. When people of different cultural backgrounds come together in any setting there will always be issues in terms of interaction. This is because they bring with them their own cultural baggage in terms of how they do things and expect things to be done. Cross-cultural issues will not always be a hindrance, in fact they can many a time be a force for positive creativity, but as and when a clash of cultures occur it has a negative impact, especially within a team. By way of introducing the impact of culture and communication within global teams we focus on four examples of issues that occur when team members are of differing nationalities. (Source: AMA Seminar) 1. Language Issue 2. Conflict Resolution Issue 3. Gender Issue 4. Decision-making Issue Cultural Appropriateness in Communication Laurie Brenner stated that business environment of the 21" century is expanding to include people from cultures and countries around the world. It takes special skills to communicate across these many cultures. Your courtesy and respect help establish a good foundation for effective communication. People respond to courtesy and feel comfortable when they know they have your Page 2 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos respect. This helps them to be open and willing to ask questions when they don't understand something. By making people feel comfortable, you help them to be better listeners. Avoid words that require a dictionary when communicating cross-culturally. Pepper your communication with words that everyone understands. Using Appropriate Terms, Expressions, Images and Others Language, expressions, terms and word meanings differ according to cultural settings. It is therefore important for people to understand language culture of the people. In order to use appropriate terms and expressions apparently, here are some guides for you: 1. Slow down when you speak. Allow those who don't have the same native language as you the time to interpret what you are saying. 2. Speak clearly and concisely. Make eye contact and enunciate plainly. Avoid using ambiguous or dual-meaning words. One of the problems non-native- English-speaking cultures have with the English language is misunderstanding the many meanings one word can have. 3. Keep it simple. Think in terms of your audience, and speak to their understanding. Don't make long speeches that lose your group. Allow listeners the time to soak in what you have said. Pay attention to your audience and be an active speaker and listener. You can ascertain a group's grasp of your communication by their response to your words. 4. Maintain respect and courtesy for people who come from different cultures. When you respect the people you communicate with, this helps reduce the stress they feel when trying to understand what you are saying. Doing basic research on specific ways to interact with the cultures you will be coming into contact with is a great way to show your multi-cultural group that you respect them. 5. Smile and be open. Your body language communicates your acceptance or non-acceptance - and respect, as it helps put listeners at ease. Your body language conveys unspoken communication. Avoid large gestures with your hands, as this can be intimidating to people who might misunderstand your meaning. Keeping your arms crossed often makes people think you are not open to what they have to say. 6. Avoid slang. Slang words are unique to individual cultures and not always interpreted correctly. To ensure effective cross-cultural communication, don't use slang words others might not know. 7. Shun humor. What is funny in one culture might not be in another. Humor might be misunderstood and interpreted in a bad light. While humor is a good icebreaker, it can backfire when the cross-cultural group misses humor's meaning. When in doubt, avoid using humor when communicating with people from many cultures. 8. Adopt a formal communication approach until you develop a rapport with your group. A casual, informal approach can be upsetting to people from different cultures, especially when you have just met them. Use a respectful and formal mode of speech until you have developed a relationship with your cross-cultural group. 9. Stay away from using negative questions or answers. Double negatives are confusing enough to those with English as their native language. In a cross- cultural situation, double negatives are easily misunderstood. Keep questions and answers simple so everyone understands. 10. Ask for feedback. Request members of the cross-cultural group to speak up and provide interaction or ask questions. When you permit two-way communication, this helps prevent misunderstandings and clears up questions people might have. Page 3 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos 11. Summarize what you have said. Don't assume that just because you said it everyone understands. Repeat what you have said in a different way, summarize it and allow people the time to grasp what you have said. By summarizing what you have said, you can verify that everyone is on the same page. Intercultural Communication By Jesus Perry L. Caudilla In 1964, the term "global village" was coined by a media and communication theorist, the late Marshall McLuhan to describe a world where people instantly and easily share culture through the tools of technology. He popularized the concept of global village in his words: "Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned" (McLuhan, 1964). Indeed, the world has changed not only physically because of drastic climate change but also culturally because of the development of electronic and now digital media which has reduced the distance of people from different parts of the globe. The world is now viewed as a global village where people and their culture are brought together as one community by electronic communications, particularly the Internet. Food, music, education, religion and government among others are linked together and "compressed into one super-culture" (Dixon, 2009). In the global village, people may be physically distant from one another yet everyone has become a neighbor. Undoubtedly, at the heart of this phenomenon is the relationship between communication and culture. It is common for people to share information with others who are culturally different from them. This is particularly true when they are interacting within a multicultural environment - be it an academic institution, a business firm, a professional organization or a neighborhood. Undeniably, since culture influences communication, they need to learn how to develop their competence in intercultural communication. Culture Defined  The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. -Brian Schwimmer, University of Manitoba  The cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Ifte Choudhury, Texas A&M University Strategies of Interaction within a Culture Individuals or groups of people who migrate to a whole new environment by choice, necessity or force have to contend with the new system of the host or dominant culture. They can use strategies when they choose to interact with members of the host culture or not at all.  Accommodation. According to the famous psychologist J. M. Baldwin, the term denotes acquired modifications in the behavior which help individuals to adjust to their new environment (Sociologyguidecom).  Acculturation. Conceived in the fields of anthropology and sociology early in the 20th century, N. L. Cole defines the term as "a process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture"(ThoughtCo.). Page 4 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos  Assimilation. Considered as the most extreme form of acculturation, the concept refers to "the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage adopt the cultural norms of a dominant or host culture, over their original culture" (Wikipedia).  Integration. This process occurs "when individuals are able to adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin. Integration leads to, and is often synonymous with biculturalism" (Wikipedia).  Separation. This strategy occurs "when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin. Separation is often facilitated by immigration to ethnic enclaves" (Wikipedia).  Marginalization. This strategy occurs "when individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture where cultural exclusion is promoted" (Wikipedia). Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture: Understanding Cultural Similarities and Differences What if you will be assigned by your multimillion business firm to manage a team consisting of members from different parts of the globe? You might think that this is an exciting once-in-a-lifetime opportunity but a challenging and nerve-wrecking one as well. Apparently, you will be working closely with people who have cultures different from yours. Therefore, it is necessary that you understand their cultures and avoid using inappropriate cross-cultural communication. (For further reading) Culture Influences Communication The formula for a successful communication with other cultures is by understanding our similarities and differences from them. When we interact with people whose system of knowledge, values, behaviors, etc. differs from ours, we need to compare and contrast our cultures and interaction approaches in order to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts that communication can create. The following concepts are a good guide in intercultural communication:  Ethnocentrism is the tendency of a group of people to consider their culture as superior to all other cultures. It can lead them to give negative judgments on other cultures based on their own knowledge, values, and behavioral norms. Ethnocentrism can also steer them to a failure in intercultural communication. Although it can be a barrier to successfully communicating interculturally to highly ethnocentric culture, it can be a challenge to improve intercultural competence among those with low ethnocentricity level.  Cultural relativism is the acceptance that all cultures are equal in value with one another despite their differences. It is an approach in avoiding giving judgments cultures as inferior to one's own standards of right and wrong, bad and good or natural and unnatural. Because cultural relativism leads to understanding cultural practices of group of people in their own context, it can show the way towards effective intercultural communication.  Melting pot philosophy pertains to the idea that different cultures will blend together and create one ultimate culture. The USA is often described as a melting pot of all races or all types of people who migrate to the country. It is an environment where cultures or people, despite their assortment, assimilate to produce a new amalgam of culture and co-exist as one strong homogenous American nation.  Pluralism refers to the acknowledgement of cultural relativism and promotion of respect for uniqueness and forbearance of diversity of cultures. Instead of creating a new hybrid of culture like in the melting pot theory, all cultures are allowed to co-exist with one another. For a Page 5 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos successful intercultural communication to thrive in a pluralistic society, people need to understand and interact with others with different social and educational backgrounds, values, lifestyles, religious and political beliefs, behavioral norms, communication styles, etc. Improving Intercultural Communication In intercultural communication, it is necessary to reduce the strangeness of strangers. Stanley Martinez (n.d.) in his discussion of intercultural communication at personales.upv.es/mcandel/Hybels9_Ch3.pdf, explained five ways to improve communicating interculturally.  Pay attention to your words and actions. Become cognizant of how your own thinking patterns, assumptions, perceptions, prejudices, and biases through thoughtful communication with others. Study your own self and the way you interact with others based on how well you know your own gender, race, social status, physical appearance, abilities, and disabilities.  Control your assumptions. Question a lot of your assumptions about cultures, for example, the one right way to communicate is your way, communication breakdowns are brought about by others because you have different mind tracks, rules on interpersonal communication in your culture are the same with all other cultures, etc.  Engage in transpection. Transpection is the process of empathizing across cultures. Through practice that involves structured experience and self-reflection, try to see the world exactly the way others see it. Try to learn beliefs, feelings and perspectives of other cultures. Martinez (n.d.) explained that transpection can help you avoid assumptions and move you closer to tolerance, sensitivity, respect, empathic listening, and effective communication responses.  Gain knowledge. Read, observe, and discover about other countries' customs, traditions, religions, etc. Visit places where you can meet and talk to people from other cultures, The more you know about a culture, the better that you control assumptions and the more you overcome misunderstandings. Gaining knowledge about other cultures is a great way of eliminating any personal biases and prejudices you have developed over the years. Intercultural Communication Tips By Commisceo Global Consulting (Printed with copyright owner's permission.) Working across cultures is a new experience for many people. Intercultural communication can be a dynamic and creative affair but occasionally due to the inability to interpret people correctly it can be a challenge. Building an understanding of other people's cultures, their communication styles and behaviors can go a long way in improving relationships and being more successful in an intercultural environment. Even without trawling through lots of books, articles or even taking part in an intercultural communication workshop, it is possible to implement some basic principles to help improve one's intercultural communication skills. The following intercultural communication tips are provided to help people working in international and multicultural environments get some basic insight into dealing more effectively with people and not letting culture become an issue. 1. Be patient. Working in an intercultural environment can be a frustrating affair. Things may not get done when expected, communication can be tiresome and behavior may be inappropriate. Patience with yourself and others helps move beyond such issues and address how to avoid similar incidents in the future. Page 6 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos 2. Establish Rules. Sometimes, working in a truly intercultural team, it may be necessary for all to take a step back and set down some ground rules. i.e. how do we approach punctuality, meetings, communication, emails, disagreements, etc? It is always a good idea to try and develop the rules as a group rather than have them imposed. 3. Ask Questions. When you don't understand something or want to know why someone has behaved in a certain way, simply ask. Asking questions stops you making assumptions, shows the questioned you did not understand them and helps build up your bank of intercultural knowledge. 4. Respect. The foundation of all intercultural communication is respect. By demonstrating respect you earn respect and help create more open and fruitful relationships. 5. The Written Word. Sometimes people who do not have English as their mother tongue will read more proficiently than they speak. It is a good idea to always write things down as a back-up. 6. Time. Not everyone in the world thinks "time is money". Understand that for people, work is low down on the priority list with things like family taking a much higher precedence. Do not expect people to sacrifice their own time to meet deadlines. It is a good practice to always leave a bit of spare time when considering deadlines. many 7. Humor. In an intercultural environment one man's joke is another's insult. Be wary of differences in the sense of humor and also the acceptability of banter and the like in a business environment. 8. Always Check. The easiest way of minimizing the negative impact of intercultural communication is to check and double check. Whether agreeing something or giving instructions, a minute spent double checking all parties are 'reading from the same sheet' saves hours of work later on down the line. 9. Be Positive. When faced with incidents of an intercultural nature steer clear of blame and conflict. Stay positive, analyze the problem areas and work as a team to build strategies and solutions to ensure the same never occurs again. 10. Self-Reflect. A good intercultural communicator not only looks outwards but also inwards. Take time to reflect on your own communication, management or motivation style and see where you can improve as an individual. Research into the area of intercultural communication and working in a multicultural environment continues to show that the culturally diverse team is usually the most inventive and vibrant. However, unless businesses and individuals start to address the area of intercultural communication as a serious business issue, this potential will not be realized. Nonverbal Forms in Intercultural Communication By Rebecca Bernstein (Source: https://online.pointpark.edu/business/cultural-differences-in-nonverbalcommunication/) Nonverbal communication can take many forms. Effectiveness as an international professional often hinges on understanding what these forms might be and how their meanings may differ between countries. Below are samples of seven forms of nonverbal communication, as well as specific cultural variances. Eye Contact Whether or not eye contact is made, who makes it and how long it lasts vary tremendously in meaning. In many Asian cultures, avoiding eye contact is seen as a sign of respect. However, those in Latin and North America consider eye contact important for conveying equality among individuals. In Ghana, if a young child looks an adult in the eye, it is considered an act of defiance. Page 7 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos Touch A great number of cultural expressions are achieved through touch. In America, for example, using a firm handshake is considered appropriate to greet a stranger or another business professional. In France, however, it is common to kiss someone you greet on both cheeks. Touching children on the head is fine in North America. Yet in Asia, this is considered highly inappropriate, as the head is considered a sacred part of the body. In the Middle East, the left hand is customarily used to handle bodily hygiene. Therefore, using that hand to accept a gift or shake hands is considered extremely rude. There are also a wide range of cultural viewpoints on the appropriate rules regarding physical contact between both similar and opposite genders. Gestures Gestures can convey wildly different meanings. Individuals in the United States use the "OK" sign to convey that something is acceptable. In Japan, the same hand symbol means "money." Argentinians, Belgians, the French and the Portuguese all use the symbol to mean "zero" or "nothing." Still other countries in eastern Europe consider that same sign an offensive swear. Physical Space Countries that are densely populated generally have much less need for personal space than those that are not. The Japanese, for example, are less likely to react strongly to an accidental touch by a stranger than Americans. Less personal space is also needed in areas such as Latin America, and, in the context of one-on-one conversations, the Middle East. Facial Expressions Winking is a facial expression particularly varied in meaning. In Latin America, for example, the gesture is often considered a romantic or sexual invitation. The Yoruba people in Nigeria wink at their children if they want them to leave the room. And the Chinese consider the gesture rude. Posture Posture can convey power structures, attitudes and levels of civility. Slouching in Taiwan is considered disrespectful, while other parts of the world may not think much of it one way or another. In America, standing with hands on the hips may suggest power or pride, but in Argentina, it may suggest anger or a challenge. Many cultures also frown upon showing the bottom of the shoe, something that is considered dirty. Therefore, sitting with the foot resting on the opposite knee is strongly discouraged in places such as many Arab countries. Paralanguage "Paralanguage" refers to factors of speech such as accent, pitch range, volume or articulation. In Britain, for example, people use volume to convey anger, while in India, they use it to command attention. Japanese women make a point of raising the pitch of their voices to differentiate themselves from men. In America, voice pitch between genders remains comparably the same. The use of and attitude toward silence can also be considered a type of paralanguage. The Greeks use silence as a way to refuse things, while Egyptians use it to consent. Some cultures (such as those in Asia) are generally more comfortable with long bouts of silence than others. When international business professionals take the time to learn what isn't being said, everyone benefits. Not only will their efforts decrease the likelihood of misunderstandings, they will improve their abilities to negotiate, solve problems effectively, create good working relationships and become better global citizens. Page 8 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos Activity - After Reading Questions/Discussion Questions 1. Why is it important to use appropriate terms and expressions? 2. Do you believe in the concept of cultural relativism? Why or why not? 3. How can we apply the concept of intercultural communication in the workplace? Learning Tasks: 1. Objective quiz 2. Short Localized Multimedia Presentation This activity aims to raise cultural awareness involving your local community. Create a 2 to 3-minute video presentation depicting your local culture, customs, traditions, and language/expressions distinct to your locality. This can be an individual, pair, or group activity (up to 3 members) as long as the members share the same town or locality. You may use TikTok or other media editing applications. Refer to the attached adapted rubrics for the grading mechanics. Submit your output through the assignment tab given in Silid LMS. Submit the video through a Google Drive link and share it to [email protected]. Rubrics Criterion Advanced Proficient Developing Beginning 10 points 9 points 7 points 5 points Quality of Content, The content includes a Information is presented The content does not Content lacks a central Relevance, and clear statement of as a connected theme present a clearly stated theme, clear point of Originality purpose or theme and is with accurate, current theme, is vague, and view and logical creative, compelling and supporting information some of the supporting sequence of clearly written. A rich that contributes to information does not information. Much of variety of supporting understanding the seem to fit the main idea the supporting information in the video project’s main idea. or appears as a information is irrelevant contributes to the Details are logical and disconnected series of to the overall message. understanding of the persuasive information scenes with no unifying The viewer is unsure project’s main idea. is effectively used. The main idea. Includes few what the message is Events and messages are content includes a clear citations and few facts. because there is little presented in a logical point of view with a persuasive information order. Includes properly progression of ideas and and only one or two cited sources. supporting information. facts about the topic are Includes properly cited articulated. Information sources. is incorrect, out of date, or incomplete. No citations included. Overall Concept and Has a clear picture of Has a fairly clear picture Has brainstormed their Little effort has been Creativity what they are trying to of what they are trying to concept, but no clear spent on brainstorming achieve. Adequate achieve. Can describe focus has emerged. and refining a concept. description of what they what they are trying to Goals/final product not Unclear on the goals and are trying to do and do overall but has clearly defined. how the project generally how his/her trouble describing how objectives will be met. work will contribute to his/her work will the final project. contribute to the final project. Speech and Grammar Vlog has originality and Speech is fluent. Vlog Vlog may contain Vlog may contain flair, emphasizing may contain one or two several errors in significant errors in important points; errors in grammar; errors grammar; errors may grammar; errors may contains no errors in do not impede viewer's impede viewer's cause confusion for the grammar. understanding. viewer. Page 9 of 10  ENG101: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education Prepared by: Jeric Z. Romero | Angela Khaye Llanares | Hazel Barcelos understanding. Speech Speech is choppy lacks fluency. without complete sentences or clear topic. Technical Quality Movie was completed Movie was completed Movie was made, but There was no movie, or and had all required and contained all had very little if any tape was totally elements. The video was required items. Editing editing. Many poor shots unedited with no well edited and moves was not done as well as remain. Video was very transitions or audio smoothly from scene to it should have been. fragmented and choppy support of any kind. scene with proper use ofSome poor shots remain. with little to no audio transitions. Audio and Movie is still somewhat reinforcement. other enhancements choppy. Audio and other were well used. enhancements were utilized, but not for maximum effect. Rubrics adapted from https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=HXW6823& Reflection Discussion of reflection from the activity will be done in class/synchronous session. References: Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). Purposive communication. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc., Intramuros, Manila Caudilla, J.P. & Cansancio, J. (2019). Purposive communication. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City Lim, Jonna Marie A., Blanco-Hamada, Irene., & Alata, Elen Joy P. (2019). A course module for purposive communication. Rex Book Store. Manila, Philippines Page 10 of 10