First Aid & Water Survival PDF

First Aid Rescue and Water Safety CHAPTER 3 GROUP 2 - CHAPTER 3 - BSCRIM 2-1A  Introduction to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 1. Artificial Respiration (AR): A technique to manually supply air to a person's lungs when their natural breathing is insufficient or has...

First Aid Rescue and Water Safety CHAPTER 3 GROUP 2 - CHAPTER 3 - BSCRIM 2-1A  Introduction to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 1. Artificial Respiration (AR): A technique to manually supply air to a person's lungs when their natural breathing is insufficient or has stopped. 2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): An emergency procedure to maintain oxygen and blood flow in the body when the heart and lungs have stopped working, aiming to keep brain function intact by circulating oxygen from the lungs to the brain. 3. Defibrillator: A device used alongside CPR to deliver an electric shock to the heart, helping to restore its natural rhythm. 4. Ventilation: Is an action by the first aider in the administration of CPR that allows air to enter the lungs of the patient, either by mouth to mouth delivery or by an artificial airway (endotracheal tube). 5. Compression: is an action by the first aider in the administration of CPR wherein the hands and arms are used to manually pump the heart of the victim in a definite rhythm to continue the circulation of blood from the lungs to the heart to the brain, when cardiac functioning has stopped. Methods of conducting AR and CPR 1. Survey the scene 2. Introduce yourself to the public 3. tap the shoulder of the victim 4. ask for help and activate medical assistance or EMS ( emergency medical services) DCAPBTLS stands for D- deformity, C- confusion, A- abrasion, P- puncture, B- burn, T- tenderness, L- laceration S- swelling 5. Check for vital functioning. If the victim is unresponsive, check for the pulse and breathing for about 5 seconds. Apply Look- Listen-Feel to assess breathing and check the radial or carotid pulse of the victim to assess circulation as shown in the picture 6. If breathing is negative but the pulse of the victim is positive, perform Artificial Respiration (AR) by following procedures The Head Tilt-Chin Lift Maneuver will cause the tongue to move up from the airway. The Jaw Thrust Maneuver is done in cases of suspected spinal injury to avoid injury to the brain stem and spinal cord. 7. If breathing and pulse are negative, apply Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Shock first. If the rescuer is trained in using a Defibrillator and the machine is available, deliver one shock then proceed with CPR. Put the victim on his or her back onto a flat, hard surface or a cardiac board (if available). Spell CAB (C-Circulation; A-Airway; B-Breathing). Apply 30 compressions by following this procedure: Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders. Place the heel of the dominant hand on the center of the victim's chest, between the nipples (if male) or between the breasts (if female). Place the non-dominant hand over the dominant hand. Interlace the fingers but make sure the force is delivered onto the heel of the hand and not on the fingers..Keep elbows straight and position shoulders directly above the hands. Use the force from the shoulders and arms to push straight down on the chest for at least 2 inches in depth. Push hard at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. After 30 compressions, deliver 2 ventilations following the procedure for Artificial Respiration. Thirty (30) compressions with 2 ventilations is 1 CYCLE. Perform 5 cycles then reassess vital functioning. If vital functioning returns, place victim in recovery position (if there is no suspected spinal injury) and wait for medical assistance. If vital functioning is absent, perform another 5 cycles until medical assistance arrives. Do not stop until the 5 cycles are completed. If another rescuer is present, he or she may substitute and continue the cycles if the first rescuer is exhausted. If medical assistance arrives before the 5 cycles are done, inform the medic on the number of cycles you have performed so that he or she will allow you to finish before they will take over  Water Safety and Survival CHAPTER 4 GROUP 2 - CHAPTER 4 - BSCRIM 2-1A Introduction This part involves safety and survival involving aquatic environments. Water safety depends on several factors, such as the individual's ability to swim well enough to care for one's self in ordinary conditions, the ability to recognize and avoid hazardous water conditions and practices, and the ability to use rescue skills for dangerous situations (Bustria, 2011) Definition of Terms 1. Swimming is a form of exercise that involves stokes and movements that allow a person to move on or under the surface of the water 2. Water Safety refers to the knowledge and ability of an individual about normal aquatic situations and how to avoid or manage dangerous situations 3. Drowning simply means the suffocation in the water 4. Wave is a surge traveling on the surface of the water from small ripples to huge ocean waves, usually caused by the wind 5. Current is the flowing movement of a large volume of water. 6. Hazard is something with a potential to cause harm  How to swim? Swimming may appear scary if you've never learned how to do it, but it's possible to learn it. Here's how to get started.  STEPS Getting Comfortable in the Water 1. Let go of your fear. A lot of people put off learning how to swim because they're afraid of drowning. While drownings do occur, most of them could have been prevented with a few simple safety measures. Follow these guidelines heniever you're swimming, and your odds of drowning will decrease dramatically: a. Never swim alone. Always go swimming with at least one person who is a trained swimmer, if not several other people b. Don't start out swimming in moving water. If you're learning to swim in an ocean or river, you'll need to be more aware of the motion of the water. If you must learn to swim this way, try to make sure you're with someone who knows what he or she is doing, and be sure to read the step about getting out of a riptide or a rushing river. c. Stay within a depth you can handle. When you're first learning how to swim, don't venture into water that's too deep for you to stand in. That way, if something goes amiss, you can simply stand up and breathe. d. Never swim during inclement weather conditions. Swimming in a light rain shower should be fine, but if you see and hear a storm approaching, getout of the water immediately. This rule is te be followed regardless of how well you can sofitt e. Don't swim in water that's too cold. Moving your limbs to paddle can become suddenly difficult in you're in frigid water. 2. Get Used to Floating. When you're in the water, hold on to the side of the pool or a dock, and let your legs float out behind you - they should lift easily if you let them. Practice doing this on your stomach and on your back, until you're comfortable letting half of your body float. Try floating on your back or your stomach as soon as you're ready Stay in a shallow depth so that, you can simply stand up if it's not working out. It might feel weird to have water around your ears while your nose and mouth are in the air, but youll get used to it. For extra stability, put out your arms at a right angle so that your body is in a "T" shape, 3. Don't Panic. Always remember that you have a fallback if you're in an unmanageable depth or you simply can't move your limbs - floating on your back. Don't fail around or start breathing quickly if you can't swim; simply lie back as flat as you can, and let the water carry you while you regain your composure 4. Practice Exhaling Underwater. While you're still in a shallow depth, take a deep breath and put your face underwater. Slowly exhale out your nose until you're out of breath, then come back up. If you're uncomfortable exhaling through your nose, you can hold it closed or wear a nose plug and exhale through your mouth 5. Wear Goggles (Optional). Wearing goggles can help you feel more comfortable opening your eyes underwater and might allow you to see more clearly. Find a pair with spongy circles around the eyes and dip them in the water, so that they'll stick to your skin. Tighten the strap around the back of your head so that the goggles fit snugly. Beginning Strokes and Treading Water 1. Practice Kicking your Legs. Whether you're floating on your back or still holding on to the side of the pool, you can practice kicking. (To see how far each kick can propel you, practice it using a kickboard. This allows you to focus on your kicking technique without worrying about keeping your head above water.) a. Try a flutter kick. Point your toes out like a ballerina keep your legs mostly straight, and alternate legs as you make small kicks. You should feel the most flexion in your ankles b. Try a whip kick. Keep your legs held tightly together from your hips to your knees, and from your knees to your ankles. Bend your knees so that your shins come up to about a 90-degree angle, then quickly bring your shins apart and move them in a circular motion, keeping your thighs together the whole time. (That is, trace half a circle with each leg, moving your right leg to the right and your left leg to the left.) Bring your shins back together at the bottom of th circle, and lift them up again to restart the kick c. Try an eggbeater kick. This kick is commonly used to tread water, and stay in a vertical position with your head and shoulders above water. Start with your knees bent and your legs slightly wider than hip- width apart. Then "pedal" each leg as you would on a bike, only they'll go in opposite directions: while one leg pedals "forward," the other leg should pedal 'backward." This oņe takes some practice to get used to, but it's handy for "resting" when your feet can't touch bottom 2. Learn How to do a Crawl. Crawls are great strokes to learn as a beginner, and they'll move you pretty quickly. Here's how to do them: a. Try a Backstroke First. Float flat on your back, and do a flutter kick with your legs. With your arms, do the "crawl" motion, lifting one arm straight into the air and keeping it straight as it re-enters the water next to your head. Once it's underwater, bend it to bring it back to a straight position next to your side, and repeat. Alternate arms as you swim, and try to keep your fingers together and your hands as flat as possible b. Try a Frontstroke (also known as a Freestyle or American crawl). Floating on your stomach, do a flutter kick with your legs and use your arms to "crawl" forward. Bring one arm out of the water so that it's "reaching" forward, then bring it back down and use your cupped hand to "push" the water behind you. Alternate arms. To breathe, turn your head to one side under the arm that's currently crawling, lifting enough for you to take a breath Take a breath under the same arm each time, so that you're breathing once every two strokes. 3. Tread Water. Treading water can help you catch your breath and keep your head up without actually swimming. Do the eggbeater kick listed above, and use your hands to keep your balance by "sculling" - keep your forearms flat on the surface of the water, and imagine they're butter knives spreading on a piece of toast. Move one arm in a clockwise circle, and the other arm in a counterclockwise circle. 4. Use Your Arms to Come up from the Bottom. If you're below water and would like to come up, use your arms to propel yourself. Put them straight.up above your head, and quickly bring them down to your sides. This should push you up a few feet. Repeat until you break the surface. Learning Advanced Techniques 1. Try Some More Advanced Strokes. Once you're more comfortable in the water, you can start learning new strokes that will move you more quickly or with less energy. Try these: - Butterfly Stroke - Breast Stroke - Side Stroke - Swimming Laps a. Butterfly Stroke - If you swim competitively it is important to know how to swim butterfly properly and also quickly. Although this article provides some informational guidance, it is important to get a swim coach. Although it's possible to self-teach butterfly, a knowledgeable swim instructor is valuable.  Steps for Butterfly Stroke 1. Know your other swimming strokes first; Generally butterfly is the last stroke to be introduced when training for competitive swimming. It requires strength of body and endurance skills which you should have been building up other strokes before before through attempting butterfly 2. Get a Swim Coach. Although it's possible to self-teach butterfly, a knowledgeablc swim instructor is valuable 3. Learn the Kick. The butterfly kick is the fundamental movement of the butterfly. The legs will stay together in a "mermaid" or "body-dolphin" kick in a fluid wavelike motion. It may be easiest to learn this first wearing flippers , however a kickboard shouldn't be used as this gives the body the wrong shape, and doesn't represent how the body should be. 4. Learn the Kick. At first this won't make sense, but you will make one medium- sized kick when both your hands go into the water followed by a larger kick to lift your body up. 5. Now Your Arms into Action. When your head breaks the surface proceed to moving the arms forward. Once you take your breath, tuck your chin in so it touches above your chest. This will help your arms lift a lot higher. You perform the arms by making a large circular swooping motion Your arms start at the back first and then brings them together up out of the water bringing them together directly in front of you. When your hands reach the water surface once again, continue making a keyhole-shaped motion with your hands 6. Kick once underwater (a larger kick) before breathing and extending arms out again 7. Before you make the next arm stroke, complete a short kick 8. In a competition, touch with two hands once you hit the wall, and push off. Not doing a two hand touch will result in a disqualification, so remember! Also, do an open turn. Touchwith both hands and lift one arm over your head and your other water the arm through down simultaneously and make your body follow it. Then, both your arms will meet and connect to push off the wall in a streamline position. This is the fastest way to get off a wall. b. Breast Stroke - The breaststroke can be a tricky stroke to master, but once the steps are coordinated correctly it can be a very leisurely way to swim.  Steps for Breast Stroke a. Place yourself laterally in the water with your arms extended straight in front of you and your legs at your back. b. Push your arms apart so that they create a diagonal with your body. Make sure your palms are facing out and your elbows are straight. c. Pull your elbows into the sides of your body, then bring your hands together in front of your chest. Now simply push your hands forward so they return to where they started. Do not make your arms go wide open, but do not make a tiny circle either. Also, when both of your hands get to your chest, shoot them out quickly side by side with palms up. d. While completing step 3, lift your head, neck, and upper chest out of the water to breathe. Do not remove your hands from the water. e. Bending your knees, bring your feet towards your bottom. Make a circular motion with your feet until they meet with your legs fully extended once again. Complete this step as fast as possible. f. Glide but not too long. In competitions, DO NOT go over 1 or 2 seconds, as it will slow you down a lot. g. Do not take 2 Strokes with 1 Breath. This WILL give you automatic disqualification. If you want to take your breath every other stroke, then you have to lift your head up and put it back down. If you don't and just do 2 strokes without lifting up your head, you will be disqualified, so make sure that you at least lift up your head. Also, when you take a breath, do not look up. Instead, look down at the water. With every stroke of your hands and arms, it will take your head up automatically so don't move your head, as it will waste your energy. When you are almost finished, touch the shore with both hands at the same time, or else you will be disqualified c. Side Stroke. Lifeguard makes a rescue, the scissors kick from sidestroke is being used. Sidestroke is a lifetime stroke as well. If you swim it efficiently, you can swim for hours without too much fatigue. It can almost literally be used as a resting or recovery stroke if you swim it properly. On the other hand, swim it poorly and it won't be much help.  Steps for Side Stroke 1. Teach the Scissors Kick. You can start by teaching the kick on the deck, then move to the pool wall. Teach the learning cues: "Heels up, Split, Squeeze, and Glide" (up, split, squeeze, and glide). Make sure to demonstrate the kick as well, and have your students recite the cues as you demonstrate. When your student is ready to progress to practicing the kick across the pool, use a kick board or water barbell. Be sure to manipulate the legs through the proper movement pattern. 2. Teach the Sidestroke Arms. Try using the old "Apple Tree" analogy: "Pick an apple off the tree, put it in your other hand, drop it in the basket." (repeat). Further explain the Sidestroke Arm Action with these cues: "Pull, Push, and Glide," because it would be very difficult to practice the arms without the legs while swimming. Teach the timing next. 3. Teach the Timing of the Arms and Legs. In this step, put it all together. Demonstrate the stroke first while having your students use a choral responding technique. In other words, recite the timing cues as they are demonstrated. The timing cues are: "Arms and Legs Bend, Arms and Legs Straighten." Once the students have seen it and have a general understanding of the new stroke-- get them back into the water to start practicing it! d. Swimming Laps - Swimming is an aerobic activity that works almost every muscle in the body and provides cardiovascular exercise. Learning to swim laps can help improve body strength and endurance. It is an activity that nearly every age group and level of ability can participate in, and swimming laps can be done indoors year round. People who swim regularly have also reported mental benefits. It is also safe, and injuries are rare due to its low impact nature. Keep in shape by jumping in the pool. 1. Find a Place to Swim. Many public pools will have designated lap swim or adult swim times. Pick a lane in the pool that is empty. Having a private lane will reduce the chance of becoming distracted by other swimmers who are passing or splashing. If the pool is busy, and sharing a lane is necessary, choose a lane with a swimmer who appears to have swimming laps at a similar pace. 2. Become Acclimated to the Water. Indoor pools are typically heated and chlorinated. Splash some water onto arms, legs and face, or jump into the pool before doing swimming laps to eliminate shock to the body. Get comfortable with the environment. 3. Begin Swimming, Using Controlled and Even Strokes. Lap swimming is repetitive, and perfecting the strokes will take practice and time. Begin with a stroke that feels comfortable and start swimming slowly. The front crawl stroke is a stroke most swimmers start with. Place the body face down in the water, and reach the left arm out in front, pulling it down into the water. Repeat with the right arm, and rotate the body from side to side, bringing the face out of the water to breathe. Kick legs continuously and breathe evenly. The backstroke is performed on Lift the left arm out of head, and back into the water, gliding it under the body. Repeat with the right arm. Kick legs continuously. 4. Turn at the End of the Lane. When swimming the front crawl stroke, touch the wall and push it off it to go to the other direction, or perform a flip underwater and push off the wall. When swimming the backstroke, turn after touching the wall. 5. Repeat Swimming laps back and forth, up and down the Pool. A lap is considered 2 lengths of the pool. Continue swimming the same stroke or use different strokes to swim laps. Keep a steady pace. 2. Try Diving. Dives can be a fun way to get into the water and start a stroke. Start with a basic dive, and move on to more complicated swan dive, back dive, and rolling dive. Always make sure the water is deep enough before you dive. At a bare minimum, the water should be 9 or 10 feet deep; if you're a tall person, make it at least 11 or 12 feet. Being Prepared for Unlikely Situations 1. Know How to Get out of a Riptide. If you're swimming in the ocean, you might get caught in a riptide. Knowing what to do can save your life, so try to memorize these steps before you get into the water. a. Do not Panic. This is, by far, the most important step of all. By flailing and panicking, you could actually keep yourself under the water. b. Swim Sideways. Do not try to swim directly to shore or directly out further into the ocean. Instead, try to swim in a line that's exactly parallel to the shoreline. c. Swim in a stroke that Allows you to Breathe. Swim with the strongest stroke you can do that also allows you plenty of room to breathe. This might be a sidestroke, front crawl, or breaststroke. d. Keep Swimming until you're out of the Riptide. You might have to swim quite far before you're safely out of the riptide, but keep going. You don't want to undo the good work you've done so far by heading for shore at the wrong time. e. If Possible call out for Help. If you can, motion to the lifeguard or yell "Help!" as soon as possible. However, don't do this if it means sacrificing a breath or if you have to stop swimming - it's better to keep yourself moving. 2. Know how to thats out of a River Current. If you're caught in a river eates sowing too quickly or pushing you under, follow these steps to get out: a. Don't flail or panic. As with a riptide, panicking and Mailing your limbs can push you deeper into the water. Try to take even breaths and remain calm. b. Aim to swim diagonally toward the shoreline. Swimming toward the shoreline at a 90-degree angle will force you to fight with the current too much, and might cause you to become exhausted quickly. Instead, plan to get to the shoreline at a diagonal angle that goes with the current. c. Don't try to swim upstream. You'll spend too much energy for not enough results. Only try to swim upstream if there's immediate danger downstream, such as sharp rocks or a waterfall.  Basics of Swimming 1. Breathing is the process of taking air into the lungs and pushing it out again. There are two types of breathing When swimming. Surface Breathing is the normal kind of breathing where we inhale through our nose and exhale through the nose or mouth. The second is the Reverse Breathing, used in swimming whereby the swimmer inhales through the mouth and exhales slowly through the nose. 2. Floating. This refers to remaining at or above the surface of the water in order to continue breathing normally or rest from swimming. Survival Floating is also known as the "dead man's float" where the swimmer is lying face down on the water with minimal or no leg movement, and staying afloat with natural buoyancy. The swimmer should lift the head occasionally to breathe. 3. Back Floating is lying face up on the water with minimal leg and arm movement. Breathe naturally since the face is above the water surface. 4. Water Treading is where the swimmer is in the water with his head above the water and the rest of his body is under. This is an aspect of swimming that involves a swimmer staying in a vertical position in the water while keeping his or her head above the surface. This is basically any movement, such as kicks and hand movements that allows the swimmer to remain afloat. The most common form of water treading is generally referred to as the "egg beater," because the circular movement of the legs resembles the motion of an egg beater. 5. Water Safety. Since aquatic environments are not the natural environments for people, safety precautions must be observed while swimming: a. Know about the area you are swimming in, especially if it is in a natural setting such as a river, lake or sea. Know whether there are hazards present such as currents or animals. Do not swim if there are hazards present. b. Do not swim alone. always swim with a "buddy"or a "group" preferably with someone also knows about swimming and water rescue. c. Note the time and the temperature. If it is too hot or too cold to swim, then do not attempt it. d. Know you limits. If the currents or waves are too strong even for a skilled swimmer,or if the water is too deep, do not swim in that are e. Stay out of the water if you have any health problems. it's better to be safe than sorry. f. Perform diving only in appropriate depths to avoid injury g. Do not attempt to rescue a near drowning person if you do not know how to swim well. Call fpr help intstead  Hazard in the Aquatic Environment  For every type of environment, there are always relative hazard for people. Since aquatic environment is not the natural environment for humans, there are more hazards in envinronment than in others. Even if one is already a trained swimmer, he or she still experience thes dangers when the situation arises. Hazards may either be personal such as cramps or panicking, or envinronmental sucj as waves, currents and auqatic creatures.  Cramps Cramps are sudden and involuntary contractions of a muscle (usually affects muscles between two joints). Cramps are usually caused by three things: dehydration or electrolyte loss, overexertion of the muscle or exhaustions and unnecersarr tension. Managements of Cramps 1. Prevent muscle cramps by stretchinng the muscles to be used in swimming, such as the arms and legs, before going in the water. 2. Cramps may alse be prevented by having a proper meal and drink before swimming. 3. When cramps occur while swimming, minimize the activity on the affected muscle and get out of the water as soon as possible and stretch the muscle until it relaxed. 4. If getting out of the water immediately is difficult, perform survival floating and stretch the muscle until it relaxed, then proceed to the tas of getting out of the water 5. If cramps persist, call for help. Continue performing survival floating while waiting for rescue.  Exhaustion Exhaustion occurs when the body's energy has run out and the swimmer has lost ability to move his or her body enough to continue swimming. There are a lot of factors that may swimming exhaustion, including lack of proper nutritions, stress, sleeplessness, and swimming without conditioning the lungs and muscles Managements of Exhaustion 1. If the swimmer is too tired to swim, he or she should simply perform survival floating to recover some energy needed to swim back to safety. 2. The swimmer should not panic since this will expend more energy and he or she may lose consciousness. He or she should be slowly and steadily make his or her way back to safety.  Waves Waves are ridges or swells on the surface of a bodyof water, normally having a forward motion. they are unpredictable even in good conditions, thus swimmers should take caution when entering water with waves. Managements of Waves 1. The power of a wave is at its peak when it breaks in shallow water. at this point, the water in front is sucked up into a wave form. The swimmer should use this forve and dive forward and under the wave He or she will simply rise up right behind the wave as it breaks. 2. Do not panic as this lead to exhaustion and the waves weill overcome you. 3. Look for channels, which are the narrow and usuallu deeper areas where waves aren't breaking, and where the incoming water has to escape back out to sea. do not swim against the channel. 4. Concentrate on breathing. Do not inhale huge amounts of air, because you will find it harder to dive under the waves 5. If these attemps fail, call for a needed help  Marine Life There are animals that consider water as their natural habitat. If a person happens to disturb their natural habitat while swimming, they will activate their defense mechanisms that may harm the swimmer. Sea urchins, sting rays, and jellyfish each has its own defense mechanism against possible dangers. The poisonous venom from a sea urchin or a jellyfish, or the powerful electrical current from a sting ray, may cause death for some persons. Sharks are a hazard if one swims in the sea or ocean.  Management 1. Know the area. If there are sharks, sea urchins, jelly fish, or sting rays, do not attempt to swim. 2. For a sea urchin sting, try to remove the spines with your hand wrapped around a clean cloth. Neutralize the injury with vinegar then soak in warm water. Monitor the area for a few days after the injury. Seek medical help if the sting did not heal for the next few days. 3. For jellyfish stings, the first things to do are not panic and get out of the water immediately. Do not touch the affected area with your hands. Wash the area with salt water to remove the remaining tentacles. You may also scrape them off with an ID card. Deactivate the stingers and the venom by applying vinegar, then baking soda after. Ice may be applied to slow the circulation of the venom. Take antihistamines in case of allergic reactions. Seek medical attention if the victim is having trouble breathing or has other symptoms. 4. Seek medical attention immediately for sting rays or shark attacks. 3. For jellyfish stings, the first things to do are not panic and get out of the water immediately. Do not touch the affected area with your hands. Wash the area with salt water to remove the remaining tentacles. You may also scrape them off with an ID card. Deactivate the stingers and the venom by applying vinegar, then baking soda after. Ice may be applied to slow the circulation of the venom. Take antihistamines in case of allergic reactions. Seek medical attention if the victim is having trouble breathing or has other symptoms. 4. Seek medical attention immediately for sting rays or shark attacks. Search and Rescue 1. Assess the Situation. a. Remain calm and plan the rescue. b. Determine the position of the victim and note the safety of that area for the rescuers. Do not attempt to rescue if the area is dangerous even for skilled swimmers. c. Call for assistance if available. If possible, the rescuer should not attempt the rescue alone. d. Call for medical experts in case the situation calls for their aid. e. Maintain crowd control. Non-swimmers should not attempt to rescue the victim. 2. Follow the prescribed pattern of rescue: "Reach, Throw, Row, Go." Reach Extend a long stable instrument that can be used to reach out to the victim and pull him or her to safety. If he or she is within reach, the rescuer may reach out with his or her hand and pull the victim to safety, provided that the rescuer has a stable structure to anchor himself or herself to. 2. Follow the prescribed pattern of rescue: "Reach, Throw, Row, Go." Throw If the victim is too far away to reach, the rescuer may throw a Personal Floating Device (PFD) if available. If not, use anything that will allow the victim to float or use another method of rescue. 2. Follow the prescribed pattern of rescue: "Reach, Throw, Row, Go." Row If a boat (not necessarily a rowboat) is available, use that to rescue the victim. It is done by extending the rowboat for the victim to hold on. 2. Follow the prescribed pattern of rescue: "Reach, Throw, Row, Go." Go This method could mean two things: go and swim towards the victim with a floating device; or go and call for help. It is important to note that a rescuer must be skilled in swimming before going to rescue a drowning victim. If a rescuer is not a swimmer, a floating device maybe used such as piece of wood, Styrofoam, aside from the commercially available floaters. Swimming Lessons  Swimming lesson is the process of learning to swim. In most countries, there is a definition of a number of swimming levels that is reached in the process of the curriculum. The respective certificates of swimming tests are required for further training in aquatic abilities. Many countries have defined a minimum swimming level that children should reach by the end of primary education, in most cases with the help of school swimming classes being part of the normal curriculum. Children are often given swimming lessons, which serve to develop swimming technique and confidence. Children generally do not swim independently until 4 years of age.  In many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those run by the local authority and by private leisure companies. Many schools also include swimming lessons in their Physical Education curricula, provided either in the schools' own pools, or in the nearest public pool. The Department for Education in England includes learning to swim as a compulsory element in Primary School PE Curriculum. At the end of year 6 (age 11) All children must be able to swim 25 meters (front and back) and demonstrate an understanding of water safety. Schools can decide when and where pupils will learn to swim. In Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland, the curriculum for 11-year-olds in the fifth grade states that all children should learn how to swim as well as how to handle emergencies near water. Most commonly, children are expected to be able to swim 200 meters (220 yards) of which at least 50 meters (55 yards) is on their back after first falling into deep water and getting their head under water. Even though about 95 percent of Swedish school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most common cause of death among children. In both the Netherlands and Belgium, swimming lessons during school time (schoolzwemmen, school swimming) are supported by the government. Most schools provide swimming lessons. There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in the Netherlands and in Belgium; the Dutch translation for the breaststroke swimming style is school slag (school stroke). The children learn a variant of the breaststroke, which is technically not entirely correct. In Germany and Austria, school swimming "Schulschwimmen" is a part of the elementary school curriculum leading to the entry level certificate "Frühschwimmer" for about 90 percent of the children (a 95% goal set by the ministers for education with actual percentages ranging as low as 75% in some schools). About 50 percent reach a higher swimming level certificate during school swimming. In Switzerland most schools offer a swimming course, however only 70% of the students take part in it which has led to the "Schulschwimmen für alle" petition in 2007. Unlike in Germany and Austria, a swimming test including a jump from the diving tower, is common in Swiss schools. In France, school swimming ("natation scolaire") is part of the curriculum for physical education in the 2nd and 3rd grade in elementary school, or for children aged between 4 and 6 years of age. The aim is successful completion of entry into water then swimming for 50 metres, before floating for 10 seconds, then swimming on the front and on the back (for 10 metres each), ending with retrieval of an object from deep water of more than 2 metres. In the UK, the "Top-ups scheme" calls for school children who cannot swim by the age of 11 to receive intensive daily lessons. These children who have not reached Great Britain's National Curriculum standard of swimming 25 metres by the time they leave primary school will be given a half-hour lesson every day for two weeks during term-time. In Canada and Mexico there has been a call for swimming to be included in the public school curriculum. In Singapore, most swimming schools teach the SwimSafer Programme introduced by Singapore National Water Safety Council in July, 2010 with support from the Singapore Sports Council. The SwimSafer Programme combines instruction in swimming and life-saving skills. Common Swimming Lessons in the Philippines and other Countries 1. Parent and Infant is for ages 6-18 months. This class teaches underwater acclimation while parents learn how to give their child a positive experience in the water. Parent participation is required. 2. Parent and Toddler is for ages 18-36 months. Students continue developing water acclimation and safety skills. Children will have fun in the water while developing swimming readiness. Parent participation is required. 3. Preschool I is for 3 to 5 year olds. This class will develop comfort in the water, learn water entry, bubble blowing, floating, kicking, underwater exploration and general water safety skills. 4. Preschool II Prerequisite: Able to demonstrate completion requirements of Preschool 1. This class is for 3 to 5 year olds who are very comfortable in the water will learn new skills such as combined arm and leg action on front, treading with support and general water safety skills. 5. Learn to Swim Levels 1-5. These classes are for children 6-15 years old. Children are taught to swim and improve their level of skill. 6. Level 1 Introduction to Water Skills Must be age 6 the first day of the program in order to participate and be comfortable away from parents. Objectives: To support floating on front and back, gliding, kicking, and alternating arm and leg action. 7. Level 2 Fundamental Aquatic Skills Objectives: Unsupported float, gliding, kicking on front and back without support, combined arm action with kick on front and back, treading water without support, personal safety and rescue skills. 8. Level 3 Stroke Development Objectives: Front crawl with breathing to the side, coordinated back crawl, elementary backstroke, scissor and dolphin kick, treading water skills, diving from the side of the pool, and personal safety and rescue skills. 9. Level 4 Stroke Improvement Objectives: Improve stroke proficiency on front crawl, back crawl, butterfly, breast stroke, elementary backstroke, sidestroke, surface diving, open turns, and personal safety and rescue skills. 10. Level 5 Stroke Refinement Objectives: Refine front - crawl, back crawl, butterfly, breaststroke, elementary backstroke, sidestroke, turns on front and back, long shallow dives and treading water. Personal safety and rescue skills are also covered. 11. Level 6 Swimming and Skill Proficiency Objectives: Refine all strokes to increase efficiency, power, and smoothness over great distances. Personal safety and rescue skills are also covered. 12. Beginning Adult Overcome fear of the water and learn basic skills such as floating, gliding, kicking, rhythmic breathing, and treading water. 13. Intermediate Adult Adults with no fear of water who possess beginner swimming skills must be able to kick and breathe using a kickboard for 25-yards without stopping. Students will learn front crawl, back crawl, and develop comfort in deep water. Floating in a Pool  Steps on How to Float in a Pool 1. Start in the shallow end of the pool. 2. Be with someone who can swim and who knows how to float already, as he or she can help guide you and can get you out of difficulties if you panic. 3. Slowly ease onto your back. Place your arms out to the side and your legs straight out in front of you. You'll probably sink the first tries but that's okay you're in the shallow end. Keep trying. Try the starfish float. Imagine yourself as a starfish and spread your arms and legs out to make a star shape. This is a good float to try and it soon becomes easier with practice. 4. Relax your muscles and point your toes. 5. Take a deep breath and relax. 6. Lift your head up or you will sink. 7. Try a front float. 8. Try a rescue float. Tips in Floating 1. If not ready yet, let someone hold you. 2. Use a boogie board for starters. Warning in Floating To prevent the potential for drowning, always practice with someone. Things You'll Need in Floating 1. Person that can swim 2. Swimsuit or swim shorts 3. Boogie board (optional) 4. Float pads (optional) Warning in Floating To prevent the potential for drowning, always practice with someone. Things You'll Need in Floating 1. Person that can swim 2. Swimsuit or swim shorts 3. Boogie board (optional) 4. Float pads (optional) Swimming as a Requirement 1. Swimming for some schools is required for courses such as Bachelor of Science in Criminology, Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management, Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering, and other special courses that necessitates swimming due to the nature of the job. 2. Swimming is also a part of screening process in the application for Philippine National Police Special Action Force (PNP SAF). All applicants are required to pass 15- 20 minutes free style floating and 30-45 meter free style swimming across a swimming pool. 3. Swimming is another requirement for trainees for Waterborne as part of the Commando Training to become a SAF trooper. PE3 - BSCRIM 2-1A - GROUP 2 Thank You - - BSCRIM 2-1A - Members - GROUP 2 Calio, John Paul Calumpit, Vince Jay Capoy, Erick James Carrion, Presbie Deocareza, John Carlo Despuig, Mark Chris Endaya, Mark Dave Fernandez, Charles Kenn Forro, Kim Garcia, Rowen Ashley Gatchalian, Marcuss Bullet