chapter 3 (5).pdf

Why use references? 1 to show that you have read some of the authorities on the subject,which will give added weight to your writing 2 to allow readers to find the source,if they wish to examine the topic in more detail 3 to avoid plagiarism and show that you understand the rules of the academic com...

Why use references? 1 to show that you have read some of the authorities on the subject,which will give added weight to your writing 2 to allow readers to find the source,if they wish to examine the topic in more detail 3 to avoid plagiarism and show that you understand the rules of the academic community The terms reference list and bibliography are usually used interchangeably. A bibliography: refers to all the reading you have undertaken for your assignment, not just the work you have referred to in your writing. Citation:tends to meanthe partof the text within your assignment where you acknowledge the source. Reference: the use of a source of information in order to ascertain something. 01 Plagiarism Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. In academic writing, plagiarizing involves using words, ideas, or information from a source without citing it correctly. The deliberate plagiarism of someone else's work is unethical, academically dishonest, and leads to disciplinary actions. The Common Types of Plagiarism Direct plagiarism Direct plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of a section of someone else’s work, without attribution and without quotation marks Self-plagiarism Accidental plagiarism Self-plagiarism occurs when a student submits his or her own previous work, or mixes parts of previous works, without permission from all professors involved Accidental plagiarism occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or sentence structure without attribution How to avoid plagiarism 1 2 Cite your resource Include quotations 3 Paraphrase or summarize Reference system Referencing is how you acknowledge the source of the information you have used (referred to) in your work. It helps to make clear to the reader how you have used the work of others to develop your own ideas and arguments. These are some of the principal systems: 01 02 Harvard MLA similar toHarvard butmorecommonintheUS for theArts and Humanities. generallyusedintheUKfor English Language and Business, 03 APA widelyused intheUSintheSocial Sciences. 04 Vancouver commonly employed inMedicine and Science. 05 Footnote / Endnote commonly usedinthe Humanities a) Data you found from your own primary research.( N ) b) A graph from an internet article. (Y ) c) A quotation from a book. (Y ) d) An item of common knowledge. ( N ) e) A theory from a journal article. (Y ) f) An idea of your own based on readingseveral sources.( N) APA style The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. Today, this format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use APA style quite frequently. Refrencing in APA style Formatting the Title Page Your name and your institution Title of the paper In-Text Citations Used to cite information that you have taken from another source and used in your paper in the form of: Direct Quotes Paraphrasing Summary ○ Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: the author’s name and the date of publication ○ for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the author’s name, date of publication, and a page number In-text Citations: Formatting Quotations With a signal phrase Without a signal phrase Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p. 11). A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11). In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase With a signal phrase Without a signal phrase Smith (2002) explained that sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake if the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (p. 594). Sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Smith, 2002, p. 594). In-text Citations: A Work with Two Authors According to feminist researchers Bergin and Tate (1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2). When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors’ name in the signal phrase, but use“&” between their names in parenthesis. Some feminists researchers question that “women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Bergin & Tate, 1997, p. 2). In-text Citations: A Work with Three to Five authors When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. (Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999) In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Harklau et al., 1993) In-text Citations: A Work with Six and More Authors When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.” Smith et al. (2006) maintained that…. OR… (Smith et al., 2006) In-text Citations: A Work of Unknown Author When citing a work of unknown author, use the source’s full title in the signal phrase and cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. Put titles of articles and chapters in quotation marks; italicize titles of books and reports. According to “Indiana Joins Federal Accountability System” (2008), … (“Indiana,” 2008) In-text Citations: Organization When citing an organization, mention the organization the first time when you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation. The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration (2008) confirmed that… If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in parenthesis the first time the source is cited and use only the abbreviation in later citations. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed … FDA’s experts tested… References Page Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it. Doublespace reference entries Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames References: Basics Invert authors’ names last name first followed by initials: Smith, J.Q. Alphabetize reference list entries by the last name of the first author of each work Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns: Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography References: Basic Format for Books Ex.: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. References: Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries ○ Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry. Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism References: Web Document, Web Page, or Report List as much of the following information as possible Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/