MPhil Research Methodology Notes PDF

For Mphil 2 Semester Points nd Research methodology Q1. Write short note on the formating the structure of synopsis. short discuss A synopsis is a concise summary of a research project or study, often used in academic settings. Proper...

For Mphil 2 Semester Points nd Research methodology Q1. Write short note on the formating the structure of synopsis. short discuss A synopsis is a concise summary of a research project or study, often used in academic settings. Proper formatting ensures clarity and organization. Below is the general structure for formatting a synopsis: 1. Title Page: Includes the title of the research, name of the researcher, institution, department, and date. 2. Abstract: A brief summary (150-300 words) of the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. 3. Introduction: Describes the background, research problem, rationale, and significance of the study. 4. Literature Review: Summarizes previous research related to the topic and identifies research gaps. 5. Objectives: Clearly state the aims or goals of the study. 6. Methodology: Outlines the methods and procedures, including data collection, analysis, and tools to be used. 7. Expected Results/Outcomes: A prediction of the research findings or results. 8. Timeline: A detailed plan of research activities with a timeline for completion. 9. References: A list of all sources cited in the synopsis, formatted according to a specific citation style. Q2. what is plagarism? shortly discussed Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work, ideas, or words without proper acknowledgment or permission, presenting it as one's own. It can include copying text, paraphrasing without citation, or not crediting the original source of data or concepts. Plagiarism is considered unethical and can result in academic penalties, loss of credibility, and legal consequences. To avoid plagiarism, proper citation and referencing of all sources is essential. Q3. what is the difference between fabrications and falsification? shortly discussed Fabrication and falsification are both forms of research misconduct but differ in nature:   Fabrication is the act of making up data or results that do not exist. It involves inventing information or outcomes and presenting them as if they were real.  Falsification is the manipulation or alteration of existing data, results, or research processes to mislead or give false impressions. It involves modifying or omitting data to fit desired conclusions. Both practices undermine the integrity of research and are considered serious ethical violations. Q4. who we can made APA style references? shortly discussed To create references in APA style, follow these basic steps: 1. For Books: o Format: Author(s). (Year). Title of the book (in italics). Publisher. o Example: Smith, J. (2020). The art of research. Academic Press. 2. For Journal Articles: o Format: Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name (in italics), Volume(Issue), Page range. DOI (if available). o Example: Brown, L. (2019). Innovation in education. Journal of Modern Learning, 12(3), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1234/jml.2020.12345 3. For Websites: o Format: Author(s). (Year). Title of the webpage (in italics). Site Name. URL. o Example: Johnson, R. (2021). Learning online strategies. E-Learning Resources. https://www.learningresources.com/online-strategies Q5. write short note pn litraturere review? A literature review is a critical summary of existing research on a particular topic. It helps to identify what is already known, highlight gaps in the current knowledge, and provide a foundation for new research. The review typically involves: 1. Surveying existing sources: Books, journal articles, reports, and other relevant publications. 2. Summarizing findings: Outlining key theories, methodologies, and results from previous studies. 3. Critiquing sources: Assessing the strengths, weaknesses, and relevance of the studies to the research question.  4. Identifying gaps: Highlighting areas where more research is needed or where current knowledge is incomplete. A well-conducted literature review shows the researcher's understanding of the field and guides the development of new research by building on previous work. Q6. what is peer review?? write short nnotes of the following Peer review is a process used to evaluate the quality, validity, and significance of scholarly work, such as research papers, before publication. In peer review, experts in the same field as the author critically assess the work to ensure it meets academic and scientific standards. Key aspects of peer review: 1. Evaluation by experts: The work is reviewed by professionals with expertise in the subject matter. 2. Feedback and revision: Reviewers provide constructive criticism, suggesting improvements or identifying flaws. 3. Quality control: Peer review ensures accuracy, credibility, and originality of the research. 4. Types: Common types include single-blind, double-blind, and open peer review, each varying in the anonymity of reviewers and authors. Peer review helps maintain the integrity of academic publishing by filtering out flawed or misleading research. 1. Study Design:  Define Objectives: Clearly outline the research question or hypothesis.  Choose an Appropriate Design: Common designs include randomized controlled trials, factorial designs, and split-plot designs, depending on the objectives and nature of the study.  Sample Size: Determine an adequate sample size to ensure statistical power and representativeness. 2. Data Collection:  Select Variables: Identify dependent and independent variables (e.g., growth rates, environmental factors).  Standardize Methods: Use consistent protocols for data collection (e.g., measurements, observations) to minimize bias.  Field Trials: Conduct experiments in controlled environments or natural settings, considering replication for accuracy.   3. Data Analysis:  Statistical Tools: Utilize software (like R, SPSS, or Excel) for statistical analysis. Common analyses include ANOVA, regression, and t-tests to determine relationships and differences.  Data Visualization: Create graphs, charts, or tables to illustrate findings and enhance interpretability.  Interpret Results: Draw conclusions based on statistical significance, effect sizes, and biological relevance.  4. Reporting:  Document Findings: Prepare a report or publication that details methods, results, and interpretations.  Include Limitations: Acknowledge any limitations in the study design or data analysis to provide context for the findings. Q7. what is research? what is responsible research of conduct of research. What is Research? Research is a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting, or revising facts, theories, or applications. It involves the collection and analysis of data to answer specific questions or solve problems. Research can be classified into several types, including:  Basic Research: Focused on expanding knowledge and understanding fundamental principles.  Applied Research: Aimed at solving practical problems and improving processes.  Qualitative Research: Involves non-numerical data to understand concepts, experiences, or social phenomena.  Quantitative Research: Involves numerical data to quantify variables and analyze relationships. Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Responsible Conduct of Research refers to the ethical and professional standards that researchers should adhere to throughout the research process. Key principles include: 1. Integrity: Conducting research honestly and transparently, avoiding fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. 2. Respect for Participants: Ensuring the safety, rights, and confidentiality of human or animal subjects involved in research. 3. Accountability: Taking responsibility for the research process and its outcomes, including accurate data reporting and acknowledgment of contributions. 4. Fairness: Ensuring equitable treatment in the research environment, including fair authorship credit and collaboration practices. 5. Compliance with Regulations: Adhering to legal and institutional guidelines related to research, including ethical review processes and funding requirements. 6. Openness and Sharing: Encouraging collaboration and the dissemination of research findings while maintaining ethical standards. Best Of Luck Notes designed by. Maroof Shah Ph.D. Scholar University of Swat.