Referencing Skills & Avoiding Plagiarism PDF

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO REFERENCING SKILLS & AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Nukui & Peace (2015, pp. 2-10) Bailey (2015, pp. 31-39)  WHAT IS Referencing is the...

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO REFERENCING SKILLS & AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Nukui & Peace (2015, pp. 2-10) Bailey (2015, pp. 31-39)  WHAT IS Referencing is the acknowledgement within a REFERENCING? text of the external sources of information incorporated into it and a detailed description of the documents from which the information was obtained. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 2 WHY REFERENCE? To adequately identify the original source of information or idea (reader can verify the source). To demonstrate research done by the student/ writer. To avoid plagiarism. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 3 WHAT ARE REFERENCE Reference sources may include the following: SOURCES? Textbooks Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers) Reference books (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, atlases, almanacs) Electronic sources Telephone conversations, radio and television news, interviews, movies, and other such programmes may constitute sources in some disciplines. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 4 W HA T I T E MS Any information, item or idea that one may obtain R E QU I R E from a source and use in one’s own work. This may include any of the following: R E F E R E NC I NG ? Tangible information, such as words, phrases, sentences (such information may be paraphrased, summarized or quoted directly) Statistics Illustrations, such as pictures, diagrams, maps, graphs, charts, tables, figures Idea, style, method 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 5  Common knowledge does not require referencing. WHAT ITEMS DO Common knowledge is any information that is NOT REQUIRE generally accepted and commonly known such that it cannot be claimed to be the idea or property of REFERENCING? one person or source. Example of common knowledge include the following: The ozone layer is being destroyed by pollution. The chemical formula for water is H2O. The novel Animal Farm was written by George Orwell. Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 6 HOW DO WE DO To do adequate referencing, one must use an appropriate or recommended referencing style. REFERENCING? Referencing styles differ according to their way or format of referencing, i.e. different styles use different formats. Examples of referencing styles include the following: MLA style APA style CSE style Chicago style Harvard style 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 7  Each style recommends two levels of HOW DO WE DO referencing, namely: In-text reference and REFERENCING? end-text reference. In-text reference, also called in-text citation, is the first level and it forms part of the essay. End-text reference, also referred to as reference list, is the second level and it occurs as a list at the end of the essay. In-text citations identify ideas and infsormation obtained from sources and direct readers to the reference list at the end of the paper. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 8  Depending on the referencing style, basically, items ITEMS / used for in-text citation may include a combination of INFORMATION any of the following: USED FOR IN- Last name(s) of author(s) Year of publication TEXT Page number REFERENCING A short version of title For instance, for in-text citation, MLA style uses last name(s) of author(s) plus page number whereas APA style uses last name(s) of author(s) plus year of publication plus page number for direct quotations. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 9  Items that are used for a reference list include the following: ITEMS/INFORMATION USED Name(s) of author(s) FOR END-TEXT REFERENCING Name(s) of editor(s) Title and subtitle of book, journal, magazine, newspaper Title and subtitle of article Edition number of book Year of publication Place of publication Name of publisher Page or paragraph number(s) Website address (URL / http / https) 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 10  SAMPLE IN-TEXT CITATIONS The most recent breakthrough in breast cancer research has discovered a gene called BRCA1 that has been linked to breast cancer through heredity. A woman increases her lifetime risk of developing breast cancer by 85% if she has the BRCA1 gene, and she will usually develop cancer at a younger age (American Cancer Society, 1997). Some women diagnosed with the gene feel that the risks are too great and choose, consequently, to have a preventative mastectomy (the complete removal of the breast). Laversen and Stukane (1996) indicate that since research is underway to develop a drug which will treat the mutation on the BRCA1 gene many women in the future will not have to resort to such invasive techniques. But even if a woman does not have any of the known risk factors for breast cancer, she may not be out of danger. The National Institutes of Health reveal that most women who develop breast cancer have never had a family history of the disease, nor do they fall into any of the other high-risk categories (1997). Women are therefore urged to undergo yearly mammograms once they reach the age of 40, and earlier if they suspect they may be at risk. A mammogram uses low-dose radiation to take an x-ray of the breast. In the 1990s, mammograms used as little as 1/40 of the radiation of the 1960s and therefore are considered safe (Cancer Information Service, personal communication, March 21, 1997). But mammograms are not fool-proof: Radiologists estimate that 10 – 15% of cancers may be missed (American Association of Retired Persons [AARP], 1991).  SAMPLE END-TEXT LIST REFERENCES American Association of Retired Persons [AARP]. (1991). Chances are you need a mammogram: A Guide for midlife and older women [Brochure]. Washington, DC:Author. American Cancer Society. (1997). Cancer Facts & Figures 1997 [Home page]. Retrieved October 20, 1998 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cancer.org/abacs.html. Cancer Information Service (1997, March 21). Personal communication. Laversen, N. H., & Stukane, E. (1996). The Complete Book of Breast Care. New York: Ballantyne Books. National Institutes of Health. (1997, January 21 – 23). NIH Consensus Statement [Press release]. Retrieved October 20, 1998, from http://www.odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/statemnts/cic/103/103- stmt.html. PLAGIARISM: DEFINITION Plagiarism is the act of copying or including in one’s own work, without adequate acknowledgement, intentionally or unintentionally, the work of another, for one’s own benefit. Plagiarism is taking someone else’s ideas or words and using them as if they were your own. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 13  PLAGIARISM: Plagiarism is the use of someone DEFINITION else’s ideas or language as your own, accidentally or deliberately. Plagiarism is “using someone else’s words, graphics, or ideas without giving credit” (Ebest et al., 2003: 32). Plagiarism is equated with theft, but the stolen goods are intellectual rather than material (Spatt, 1991). 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 14  PLAGIARISM: DEFINITION Plagiarism is “using someone else’s ideas or phrasing and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness” (Guide to Writing Research Papers, 2010: 1). NB: 1. There are different types of plagiarism. Students should conduct research on the various types of plagiarism. 2. Students should read the University of Ghana’s plagiarism policy from the UG Homepage.  SOURCES/CAUSES OF PLAGIARISM Plagiarism most often occurs through: Failure to place quoted passages in quotation marks and provide source information. Failure to identify the source from which a material is paraphrased or summarized. Failure to give credit to any creative ideas borrowed from any original source. Replacement of words of the original text with one’s own by maintaining the same sentence structure during paraphrasing.  Failure to acknowledge the source when topics or SOURCES/CAUSES subtopics are borrowed from authors. OF PLAGIARISM Failure to recognize author’s unique way of saying something. Having no adequate knowledge of documentation style. Not having enough time to construct a proper academic writing. Being afraid of criticism for having too many direct quotations. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 17  IMPLICATIONS/CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is against the law of intellectual property. Plagiarism is against university rules and regulations. Plagiarism could result in loss of grades, failure, or expulsion from the university. Plagiarism should, therefore, be avoided. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Plagiarism could be avoided through the following ways: Place all quoted passages in quotation marks and provide source information, even if it is only one phrase. Identify the source from which you have paraphrased or summarized ideas, just as you do when you quote directly. Give credit for any creative ideas you borrow from an original source. For example, if you use an author’s anecdote to illustrate a point, acknowledge it. Replace unimportant language with your own, and use different sentence structures when you paraphrase or summarize.  AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Acknowledge the source if you borrow any organizational structure or headings from an author. Do not use the same subtopics, for example. Put any words or phrases you borrow in quotation marks, especially an author’s unique way of saying something. Learn a documentation style relevant to your discipline – testifying that you did your research, and assuring your reader that your sources and quotations are not fictitious.  CONCLUDING REMARKS Referencing skills are the techniques that a writer uses in acknowledging sources. These skills include the effective ways of paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, incorporating sources into one’s work, and the effective ways of acknowledging or documenting sources. These skills help students to avoid plagiarism in their academic work.  GENERAL REVISION 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 22 GENERAL This general revision gives an overview of the major topics discussed in the REVISION semester. Students should go over their notes, weekly slides, recommended readings and other supplementary readings for revision. Students should revise details of the topics in preparation towards the end-of- semester assessments. 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 23  Lecture 1: General Introduction to Academic Writing (Bailey 2015, pages 3-8) GENERAL REVISION Discourse communities and their characteristics The academic discourse community and its characteristics Process approach to academic writing Features of academic writing The relationship between reading and writing 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 24  GENERAL REVISION Lecture 2: Reading for Information: Skills and Strategies (Bailey 2015, pages 9-18) Scanning (quick reading for specific information) Skimming (quick reading for general information) Close reading (critical analysis of a text) SQ3R (helps in remembering important points of a text) 25 LECTURE 3: PARAGRAPHING I (WYRICK 2011, PAGES 50-69; BAILEY 2015, PAGES 7, 86-90) Paragraph structure: 3 parts of the body paragraph: Topic sentence Supporting sentences Topic closure Principles of paragraphing: Unity Completeness Coherence 26  LECTURE 4: PARAGRAPHING II (OSHIMA & HOGUE 2007, PAGES 147-159; WYRICK 2011, PAGES 50- 69) Introductory paragraphs Thesis statement Methods of introduction Concluding paragraphs Methods of conclusion 27  LECTURES 5&6: ESSAY STRUCTURE (WYRICK 2011, PAGES 50- 69; OSHIMA & HOGUE 2007, PAGES 147-159) Three parts of the essay: Introduction (introductory paragraph) Body (developmental Paragraphs) Conclusion (concluding paragraph) Inter-paragraph cohesion 28  The structure of an essay with three body paragraphs (Lectures 5&6) Introduction Introductory Paragraph with Thesis Statement Using appropriate method developmental Paragraph 1: Topic Sentence Support Sentences Concluding Statement Body developmental Paragraph 2: Topic Sentence Support Sentences Concluding Statement Developmental Paragraph 3: Topic Sentence Support Sentences Concluding Statement Conclusion Concluding Paragraph Using appropriate method  Planning the Essay: Terms and Lectures 7&8: Directives for Essays/ Titles Essay Writing The writing process: (Bailey 2015, Prewriting/ pre-drafting activities Writing/ drafting pages 40-47) Post-writing/ post-drafting activities 30  Lecture 9: Academic style (Bailey 2015, pages117- 127; Langan 2007, pages 163-208) Academic Vocabulary Sentences 31 GENERAL REVISION Lecture 9: Academic style (Bailey 2015, pages 117- 127; Langan 2007, pages 163-208) Academic Vocabulary: Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs 32  LECTURE 9: ACADEMIC ST YLE (BAILEY 2015, PAGES 117- 127; LANGAN, 2007, PAGES 163-208) Sentences: Sentence fragments Dependent-word fragment -ing and to fragments Added-detail fragments Missing-subject fragments Run-On sentences Fused sentences Comma splices Sentence variety Simple sentence Compound sentence Complex sentence 33 GENERAL REVISION Lecture 10: Language Issues (Bailey 2015, pages 147-158) Tense Punctuation 34 LECTURE 10: Tense LANGUAGE ISSUES Simple Present tense Present Continuous tense (BAILEY 2015, Present Perfect tense PAGES 147-158) Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past tense Past Perfect tense Past Perfect tense Past Perfect Continuous tense 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 35 LANGUAGE ISSUES: PUNCTUATION (BAILEY 2015, PAGES 147-158) Period (full stop) Comma Apostrophe Semicolon Colon Quotation marks Ellipsis Hyphen dash Slash Parenthesis Question mark Exclamation mark 36  GENERAL REVISION Referencing: Definition of referencing Significance of referencing Referencing styles (APA, MLA, etc) Plagiarism Definition of plagiarism Implications/ consequences of plagiarism Types of plagiarism Causes of plagiarism Techniques of avoiding plagiarism 37  END OF CLASS THANK YOU 3/10/24 Sample Footer Text 38