Chapter 22 Lecture Questions Answers PDF

Name:________________________________________________________ Period:______ Chapter 22: Living in Hard Times 1929-1939 1. What the U.S. experienced during the previous decade? Economic prosperity Risky banking Speculation New inventions Buying on credit Leisure time Luxury good 2. What happened beca...

Name:________________________________________________________ Period:______ Chapter 22: Living in Hard Times 1929-1939 1. What the U.S. experienced during the previous decade? Economic prosperity Risky banking Speculation New inventions Buying on credit Leisure time Luxury good 2. What happened because of the economic collapse? Industries went bankrupt Banks failed Stock prices dropped Widespread unemployment 3. What were people doing with stocks? Speculating Purchasing stocks on margin 4. What happened on Black Tuesday? Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929 Stock prices fell across the board Stocks became nearly worthless People stopped paying back their loans from buying the stocks on margin 5. What did the United States enter into? Economic depression Most Americans were already living on the edge of poverty before the collapse Banks foreclosed on homes Workers lost their jobs Husbands left their wives and children to look for work 6. What were Bank Runs? People ran to the banks to withdraw their money when they heard that banks were running out of money Banks had given risky loans to people purchasing real estate or stocks and they weren’t paying the loans back There were no government regulations at the time for banks to keep a reserve of cash, they could loan out whatever they wanted Banks went out of business People lost their life savings, at the time there was no protection for depositors if banks failed 7. Who was Herbert Hoover? He was a viewed as the “Savior of Belgium” during WWI, providing them with food and keeping them from starving He was President at the start of the Great Depression He believed that the government should be Laissez-Faire in terms of the government being involved in the economy He did not want to create a country where the people were dependent on handouts He said that private individuals and organizations such as charities needed to fill the growing need for support, they did but it was not enough He attempted to get reparation payments for Germany lowered but failed, they were entering into a severe economic depression 8. What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation? 1932 Hoover Provided emergency loans to business, banks, and railroads to keep them afloat It was not successful It was Hoover’s only attempt to aid the economy It was too little too late 9. What was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff? 1930 Wanted to protect American businesses by increasing the tax on imports A trade war erupted; other nations increased import taxes on American goods Slowed and decreased world trade Caused the economic depression to worsen 10. What were Hooverviles? Homeless and jobless lived in these They were shanty towns built out of shacks from whatever scrap materials they could find No running water, electricity, or sanitation Often in public parks Dangerous and unsanitary places to live 11. What was the Bonus Army? WWI Veterans were promised a $1000 bonus in 1945 They were unemployed and needed the money They marched on Washington D.C. to ask Congress to approve a bill that would rant the bonus early They camped out in front of the Capital building and in Hooverville’s The bill was voted down Hoover ordered that the veterans be removed from the capital They were tear gassed and chased out of D.C. 700 veterans were injured and 2 were killed Americans were outraged at this action 12. Who was Franklin Delano Roosevelt? Also called FDR Wife was Eleanor Roosevelt President from 1933-1945 Only President to serve four terms, before the amendment to limit 2 Promised Americans a “New Deal” during the 1932 Presidential Election, he won in a landslide Some people believed that he abused his power as President, extending the power of the President with the New Deal Only President that was handicapped and in a wheelchair, but it was a secret Way more, but this is only in context of the Great Depression 13. What was the New Deal? FDR’s program to try to fix the economy Series of Federal initiatives that sought to provide relief, recover, and reform to the economy Acronyms for New Deal Programs were called Alphabet Soup Some people supported the New Deal but there were those who did not Some people said that the FDR was becoming a dictator because of his New Deal Programs The New Deal made the government more responsible for the daily welfare of its citizens New Deal Programs: i. Civil Conservation Corps (CCC) ii. Public Works Administration (PWA) iii. Works Progress Administration (WPA) iv. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) v. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) vi. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) vii. Social Security (SSA) viii. And many more…. 14. What were the Three Rs of the New Deal? Relief – provide Americans with relief to ease the burden of the depression (financial assistance, housing, etc..) Recovery – provide Americans with employment opportunities Reform – reform institutions (banking, stocks, and business) to prevent future depressions 15. What happened in the Election of 1932? FDR v. Hoover FDR promised a New Deal for all Americans FDR won in a landslide People were angry at Hoover’s lack of intervention to fix the economy 16. What were the Hundred Days? The first 100 days that FDR was President He flooded Congress with bills to try to improve the economy 17. What was the Bank Holiday? New Deal Banking Relief Act closed down all banks Banks had to prove that they were financially sound If they were, they could reopen If they were not, they had to remain close Banks that were financially sound had not given out risky loans and had enough of their depositor’s money on reserve for them to withdraw Helped restore confidence in the banking industry 18. What was the Emergency Banking Act? New Deal Provided government assistance to banks that were determined to be able to recover 19. What was the Glass-Steagall Act? New Deal Separated commercial from investment banking Commercial banks (ordinary public banks) could not give loans to purchase stocks Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 20. What was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation? New Deal FDIC Insured bank deposits in the event that a bank went out of business Not at credit unions Protected depositors Helped to restore confidence in the banking industry 21. What was the Economy Act? New Deal Gave the President more power to reduce government spending 22. What was the Civilian Conservation Corps? New Deal CCC Young men traveled the nation improving or building state and national parks They build roads, trails, buildings, planted trees, and more They lived in camps and sent their money home to their families It was a works program 23. What was the Federal Emergency Relief Act? New Deal Direct government loans to people who didn’t have an income 24. What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? New Deal AAA Paid farmers to grow fewer crops to raise the prices of crops Farmers destroy crops and livestock Angered Americans who were starving Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 25. What was the Tennessee Valley Authority? New Deal TVA A dam was built on the Tennessee River to provide electricity and control flooding Tennessee River Valley was one of the poorest regions in the U.S. Supreme Court declared that it was constitutional People were concerned that the government was becoming socialist because it now owned a utility company 26. What was the National Industry Recovery Act? New Deal Created the National Recovery Administration and Public Works Administration 27. What was the National Recovery Administration? New Deal NRA but not the rifle NRA Controlled prices, wages, and working hours 28. What is the Public Works Administration? New Deal PWA Works program Jobs building government buildings, airports, bridges, highways, and more 29. What is Alphabet Soup? Acronyms that describe FDR’s New Deal Programs FDIC CCC TVA AAA PWA WPA And more 30. What was the Brain Trust? FDR gathered some of the brightest minds from the nation’s universities He wanted them to develop a plan to help the economy recover They were academics, scientists, economists, and financial experts They believed that the lack of purchasing power by Americans was a key cause for the Great Depression 31. What were the Fireside Chats? FDR addressed the nation over the radio in weekly addresses He reassured them in a calm conversational tone He helped to ease the tensions of the time In his chats he explained what the government was doing to try and fix the economy Many would gather around the radio, sit by the fire, and listen to FDR who they felt was talking directly to them 32. What was the Indian New Deal? Took away systems created by the Dawes Act Federal government could now work directly with tribes, recognizing their right to exist Renewed Native American identity that had been previously subverted 33. What did many New Deal Programs do? Gave greater authority and power to local, state, and federal governments 34. What was the Black Cabinet? An unofficial group of influential African American advisors for FDR 35. Who was May McLeod Bethune? She was a member of the Black Cabinet Friend of Eleanor Roosevelt President of the National Association of Colored Women, but she believed that they worked too slow Founded the National Association of Negro Women Director for the African American division of the National Youth Administration 36. What was the National Youth Administration? New Deal Agency Provided jobs to the young 37. What was the Dust Bowl? During the Great Depression Great Plains regions including Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas Farmers practiced poor farming techniques, did not rotate crops, exhausting the soil The soil became infertile and difficult to grow crops Loose soil would be picked up by winds and carried for hundreds of miles in massive dust storms Livestock and crops were destroyed Oklahoma was the hardest hit Farmers were unable to pay their mortgages and had to abandon their farms 38. Who were Okies? They were farmers from Oklahoma that abandoned their farms during the Dust Bowl They went to California in search of jobs picking grapes, field dominated by Mexican American immigrants 39. What was The Grapes of Wrath? Book by John Steinbeck Showed the plight of Okies, the Depression, and the Dust Bowl About Okies traveling to California in search of work picking grapes 40. What was the Works Progress Administration? New Deal Program Works program 1935 WPA Artists, historians, and writers were given jobs Artists painted murals in newly built government buildings and created propaganda posters for the New Deal 41. What was the Farm Security Administration? New Deal FSA Provided small loans to farmers to purchase land 42. What was the Wagner Act? New Deal 1935 Aka National Labor Relations Act Labor unions had the right to exist Workers had the right to collective bargaining with employers 43. What was the American Federation of Labor? An existing labor union that Members from this group created the Congress of Industrial Organizations 44. What was the Congress of Industrial Organizations? CIO Led by John L. Lewis Directed strikes in previously unorganized industries Pioneered sit down strikes 2 million membership within 6 months 45. What were sit-down strikes? Workers would sit down and occupy factories, preventing employers from bringing in new workers Employers would cut of the heat, making the factories freezing in response Tear gas and rubber bullets were also used 46. What was the American Liberty League? Opposed the New Deal Organized by the Du Pont family (General Motors) and others 47. Who was Francis Townsend? Doctor Wanted a pension program that would give those over 60 $200 a month He believed that it would create jobs This would later influence the creation of Social Security 48. What was the Social Security Act? New Deal People over 65 years of age would receive a monthly government pension Also included the disabled Some consider it to be an entitlement program or form of government welfare, despite the fact that Americans pay into it with each paycheck It made the government more responsible for the welfare of its citizens 49. Who was Upton Sinclair? He wrote The Jungle, exposing the abuses of the meatpacking industry In 1934 he worked to end poverty in California, writing a series of articles about how to redistribute private property 50. Who was Father Charles Coughlin? He was a Catholic Priest Broadcasted anti-New Deal messages over the radio Many viewed him to be radical He was anti-Semitic Criticized FDR for his inability to resolve the Great Depression Excommunicated from the Catholic Church 51. Who was Huey Long? He was the governor of Louisiana “Share the Wealth” Wanted to take money from the rich and give to the poor He was considering running for President in 1935 but was assassinated 52. What was the Second New Deal? 1935 Did not focus on providing immediate relief as the First New Deal had Wanted to create programs that would create a safety net for Americans Social Security Act Wagner Act 53. What was the Court-Packing Scheme? The Supreme Court had found the Agricultural Adjustment Act to be unconstitutional They declared that the TVA was constitutional FDR was concerned that other New Deal programs would be overturned He tried to add more Supreme Court Justices to have more people who would vote in favor of his programs, he would be the one to appoint them There are no constitutional provisions that limit the number of Supreme Court Justices He was not successful Many people thought that he was becoming a dictator because he was trying to upset the balance of power between the branches of government 54. What was the Fair Labor Standards Act? 1938 New Deal, one of the last ones Abolished child labor Set the work week to no more than 44 hours Established a minimum wage at 25 cents an hour 55. What actually caused the economy to rebound? WWII Economic expansion caused by gearing up for war The New Deal did help Americans psychologically but did not end the depression, it did help to create opposition to the growing power of the federal government 56. What was the National Socialist Party doing and who were they? They were the Nazis Anti-Semitic Grew in power in Germany during the 1930s Quickly ended free speech and limited freedoms once they took power Led by Adolf Hitler Renounced the Treaty of Versailles Rebuilt the German Army 57. Who was Adolf Hitler? Leader of the Nazis Rejected the Treaty of Versailles Rebuilt the German Amy Dictator Final Solution Created friendship with Benito Mussolini 58. What was Japan doing? Expanding in Asia Aggressively taking and from other nations to gain control of resources Wanted to push Europeans out and make “Asia for Asians” Wanted to dominate Asia Raping of Nanking 59. What was the Stimson Doctrine? Proclaimed by U.S. Secretary of War Harry Stimson U.S. would never recognize a government in Manchuria after the killing and raping of 300,000 Chinese citizens 1937 60. Who was Neville Chamberlain? Prime Minister of Great Britain Wanted to appease Hitler to avoid war 61. How did Americans feel about the European conflict? Wanted to remain isolationist, avoid the European conflict Americans who traveled on ships whose nations were at war were told they did so at their own risk Embargo placed on selling American goods to belligerent countries 62. What was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade? Americans who went to Spain to fight against German fascists were aiding in a revolution It became a mini trial run for what WWII would become with the Germans supporting one faction and the Russians supporting the other 63. What happened to the U.S.S Panay? 1937 Sunk by the Japanese Americans were angry but not ready to commit to war U.S. continued to sell oil and scrap metal to Japan, fueling the war machine 64. What was happening to Jews in Germany? Were discriminated against and persecuted Many emigrated U.S. refused to let the majority of Jewish refuges who applied in, they were turned away St. Louis 65. What did FDR do? Admitted some Jews between 1936 and 1937 Tried to combine the German and Austria quotas but was voted down U.S. would only admit 100,000, Britain over 1 million 66. Who was Charles Lindbergh? First man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane called the Spirit of St. Louis Isolationist Opposed U.S. entry into WWII Supported the America First Committee After Pearl Harbor, supported U.S. entry into the war 67. What was the America First Committee? Organization that sought to keep the U.S. out of the European conflict