CHAPTER 2 UNPACKING THE SELF.pdf

UNPACKING THE SELF The Physical and Sexual Self  Learning Objectives Discuss how culture shapes the notion of beauty and how it affects the self Discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive system Explain human sexual behavior Characterize the diversity of sexual behavior Des...

UNPACKING THE SELF The Physical and Sexual Self  Learning Objectives Discuss how culture shapes the notion of beauty and how it affects the self Discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive system Explain human sexual behavior Characterize the diversity of sexual behavior Describe sexually transmitted diseases Differentiate natural and artificial method of contraception  Physical Aspect of Self The physical self refers to the body. It is the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined. Our face represents most of our physical body  Impact of Culture on Beauty and Body Image Usually, only the physical features such as the face and body figure are considered as bases for beauty. The appearance of a person can be an asset or a liability. Present culture prescribes that being beautiful is a necessity and an obligation in order to be loved and liked.  Will There be Beauty If There is No Sight? Beauty is contextualized into two categories: One that is seen by the eye One that is felt by the heart  Achieving Physical Well-Being Eat healthy foods Maintain a healthy lifestyle Follow proper hygiene Engage in daily exercise Take vitamins and drink fruit juices Avoid stress Spend less time in front of computers and gadgets  Sexual Aspect of the Self Talking about sex should be deemed normal for there is a need for people to learn more about their sexuality. Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive Organ During the early stages of human development, the embryonic reproductive structures of males and females are alike and are said to be in the indifferent stage. The formation of male or female structures depends on the presence of testosterone. Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo results in strange abnormalities. Pseudohermaphrodites True Hermaphrodites  Puberty Secondary sex characteristics develop during adolescence. Puberty is a period of life, generally between the ages of 10 to 15 years old, when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of gonadal hormones.  Erogenous Zones An erogenous zone is a part of the body that is highly sensitive and the stimulation of which leads to sexual responses. The stimulation of an individual’s erogenous zone is considered an act of physical intimacy.  Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Attraction and Attachment Lust (libido or sex drive) is characterized by the desire for sexual gratification which is inherited to every living organism. For humans, this is associated with the sex hormones. Attraction (passionate or obsessive love, infatuation) is characterized by the intense attention given to a desired partner. Adrenaline is released by the body for fight or flight responses. Dopamine ignites an intense rush of pleasure when released. Serotonin is attributed to “falling in love”. Attachment (companionate love) is characterized by the desire of couples to stay together. This phase also includes behaviors anchored on long-term companionship. Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) is released during orgasm. Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) is released after sexual intercourse.  The Diversity of Human Sexual Behavior Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity- solitary, between two persons, or in a group- that induces sexual arousal. Two major factors that determine human sexual behavior: Inherited sexual response pattern Other type of influence exerted by society  Types of Behavior Solitary Behavior Self- gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and sexual climax Sociosexual Behavior Heterosexual behavior is a sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one male and one female. Coitus is the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ Premarital coitus Marital coitus Extramarital coitus Postmarital coitus Homosexual behavior occurs between male and male or female and female. If three or more individuals are involved, it is possible to have heterosexual and homosexual activity simultaneously.  Physiology of Human Sexual Response Excitement Phase The body gets ready for sexual activity. Increased in pulse rate, blood pressure, muscle tension and breathing. Plateau Phase Intensified breathing, high blood pressure and faster heart rate may be experienced. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs. Sexual Climax (Orgasm) It is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, spasms of the pelvic muscles. Intensified feelings during plateau phase. Resolution Phase The return to the normal or subnormal physiologic state.  Nervous System Factors The entire nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response. Stimulus- efferent cerebrospinal nerves-(sensory msgs)- brain- efferent cerebrospinal nerves-muscles through the spinal cord Hyphotalamus and the limbic system are believed to be responsible for regulating the sexual response. Aside from brain-controlled sexual responses, there is some reflex sexual response  Sexual Problems Maybe classified as physiological, psychological and social in origin Physiological- vaginal infections, retroverted uteri, prostitis, urethritis, orchiditis, adrenal tumors, diabetes, cardiovascular problems Premature emission of semen, erectile impotence, ejaculatory impotence, vaginismus  Sexual Problems Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults. Orchiditis, inflammation of testes Epididymitis Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20s Reduced estrogen production causes irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual periods.  Sexual Problems Production of estrogen may still continue after menopause but the ovaries finally stop functioning as endocrine organs. If no longer released breast begin to shrink, vagina becomes dry, mood changes, hot flashes  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) Origin: Unspecified Transmission: Through vaginal, oral and anal intercourse Sensation: Burning sensation when peeing Swollen tentacles or labia Bleeding in-between periods  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrheae) Origin: Bacteria Transmission: Through semen or vaginal fluid Direct contact Sensation: Vaginal discharge of yellowish thick fluid Irritation or discharge from the anus Itching private parts  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Syphilis (Treponema pollidum) Origin: Bacteria Transmission: Direct contact with syphilis sore Sensation: Appearance of painless sores, rashes, hair loss Chronic, nervous system illnesses  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Scabies Origin: Sarcoptes scabiel Transmission: Direct sexual contact Sensation: Itchiness and red spots which may lead to more complications  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Human papillomavirus (HPV) Origin: Virus Transmission: close contact, Direct sexual contact Sensation: growing of genital warts scratchy or itchy feeling in your vulvar area foul smell pain during intercourse laryngeal papillomatosis  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chancroid Origin: bacteria (Haemophilus ducreyi) Transmission: skin-to-skin contact with open sores pus-like fluid from the ulcer is moved to other parts of the body or to another person Sensation: genital ulcers inguinal lymphadenopathy (buboes)  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Herpes Simplex Virus Origin: virus Transmission: oral secretions or sores on the skin (kissing or sharing of things) *sexual contact Sensation: genital pain, dysuria, cervicitis, buboes recurrent, painful genital and/or anal lesions  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases Trichomonas Vaginalis Origin: protozoan parasite Transmission: oral secretions or sores on the skin (kissing or sharing of things) *sexual contact Sensation: vaginal discharge, spotting, swelling frequent urge to urinate pain during urination or sexual intercourse  Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases HIV and AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Auto Immunodefiency Syndrome) Origin: Non-human primates Transmission: Direct sexual contact, Blood transfusion Sensation: Feverish, achy and sick  Natural Methods of Contraception The natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body. Abstinence Involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. Most effective way to avoid STIs. Calendar Method (Rhythm method) Withholding from coitus during fertile days for women. According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to conceive 3 to 4 days before/ after ovulation. Recording of the cycle for 6 months is necessary to calculate the woman’s safe days.  Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. 0.5’F- before and during the ovulation The woman must record her temperature every morning before any activity. A slight decrease in the basal body temperature followed by the gradual increase in the BBT can be a sign that a woman has ovulated Cervical Mucus Method The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method. During ovulation- copious, thin, watery, exhibits the property of spinnbarkeit, it can stretch up until at least 1 inch and is slippery. Symptothermal Method Combination of BBT and cervical mucus method. Abstain from coitus 3 days after the rise in her temperature or 4th day after the peak of a mucus change. Ovulation Detection Uses over-the-counter kit that requires the urine sample of a woman. Predict ovulation through Luteinizing Hormone (LH) that surges usually 12-24 hours before ovulation Coitus Interruptus A couple goes on with coitus but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit sperms outside the female reproductive organ. Pre-ejaculation fluid may possible contain few sperms that may cause fertilization. Artificial Methods Oral Contraceptives Pills Contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone that inhibits Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone). Transdermal Patch Contains both estrogen and progesterone The woman should apply one patch every week for 3 weeks (upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen or buttocks) 4th week should be the menstruation Vaginal ring Releases Estrogen and Progesterone Surrounds the cervix for 3 weeks and should be removed on the 4th week. Made of Silicon Subdermal Implants Two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the females during their menses to make sure they will not get pregnant. Made with etonogestrel, desogestrel, progestin Can be helpful for 3 to 5 years. Hormonal Injections Contains medroxyprogesterone and is usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. Causes changes in the endometrium and cervical mucus and help prevent ovulation. Intrauterine Device (IUD) Small T-shaped object containing progesterone inserted in the uterus. The device can be effective for 5 to 7 years. Chemical Barriers Spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films. Lowers the pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm. These cannot prevent STIs Diaphragm Circular, rubber disk that fit the cervix and should be place before coitus Should be fitted only by a physician and should remain in place for 6 hours after coitus Cervical Cap Made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix. Shaped like thimble with a thin rim and could stay in a place for not more than 48 hours. Male Condoms Latex or synthetic rubber sheath It can prevent STIs Ideal fail rate of 2% but with a typical fail rate of 15% Female Condoms Latex rubber sheath pre- lubricated with spermicide. Usually bound by two rings inserted against the vaginal opening and the cervix Surgical Methods Vasectomy A small incision in each side of the scrotum to tie/cauterize/cut/plug the vas deferens to block the passage of the sperm. Sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for 6 months Tubal Ligation Performed after menstruation and before ovulation Cut/cauterize/block the fallopian tube to inhibit the passage of both the sperm and the ova.