Chapter 2 Biological Sciences.pdf

 CHAPTER 2: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Lesson objectives: At the end of the chapter, you are the able to: Define biology: Identify the different branches biological science; and Identify those personalities in biology through their scientific contributions...

 CHAPTER 2: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Lesson objectives: At the end of the chapter, you are the able to: Define biology: Identify the different branches biological science; and Identify those personalities in biology through their scientific contributions. THE MEANING OF BIOLOGY BIOLOGY It comes from Greek word "bios" means life, and "logos" which means to study. It is a body of knowledge that focuses on the study of living things, together with all related occurrences and guiding concepts. It is a natural science since it deals with the study of living things, including their shapes, structures, compositions, traits, functions, and classifications It is the study of organic (living) nature. It is also known as life science The term was coined by Jean Baptiste-Lamarck. The father of biology is Aristotle. BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Agriculture - It is the art and science of raising cattle and crops using only earth's natural resources. Anatomy - It is the study of internal structures of living things, ex. organs like the heart, skin, and liver. Astrobiology - It is the area of biology that studies how space affects organisms and looks for extraterrestrial life. Bacteriology - It is the study of bacteria Biochemistry - It is the study of chemical reactions inside the body of living things. Bioclimatology - It is a field of study that examines how organisms are affected by climate, such as how plants, animals, and people develop and are distributed throughout the world. Bioengineering - It is a comprehensive engineering field that deals with molecular and biomolecular processes, sustainable product design, and biological system analysis. Biogeography - It is a branch of biology that aims to explain how extant and extinct plant and animal species' geographic distributions have changed over time. Bioinformatics - The application of information technology in the biological sciences, particularly the technology for gathering, storing. and retrieving genomic data. Biomathematics - An interdisciplinary academic discipline called mathematical biology. sometimes known biomathematics, tries to simulate natural, biological as processes using mathematical methods and instruments. In biological research, it has both theoretical and practical applications. Biomedicine - It is the application of biological knowledge to human health. Biotechnology - It is the science of using biological processes for industrial production. Botany - It is the study of plants, also known as plant science. Chronobiology - It is a field of study that looks at time-related occurrences in living things. Conchology - It is the study of shells ("Concha" - mussel). Conservation Biology - It is concerned with research and plans for protecting species and habitats in order to reduce the extinction catastrophe and preserve biodiversity. Developmental Biology - The investigation of how an organism grows from a zygote to its final form. Cryobiology - The investigation of how cold temperatures affect living things. Cytology - It is the study of cell structure, function, and behavior of cells. It is also known as cellular biology. Ecology - It is the study of the relationship or interaction between living things and its environment. Embryology - It is the study of developmental patterns of an organism from zygote to birth. Endocrinology - It is study of endocrine glands and their corresponding hormones. Entomology - It is the study of insects. Enzymology - It is the study of enzymes and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Ethnobiology - It is the study of the interactions between humans and their environment in the past and present, for example, how indigenous societies have used a variety of plants and animals. Ethology - It is the study of animal behavior. Evolution - It is the study of change over time. Exobiology - It is the study of extraterrestrial life. Genetics - It is the study of genes, heredity, and variations caused by fertilization, mutation, and chemicals. Helminthology - It is the study of parasitic worms. Herpetology - It is the study of reptiles and amphibians. Histology - It is the study of tissues. Ichthyology - It is the study of fishes. Immunology - It is the study of the immune system. Malacology - It is the study of mollusks. Mammalogy - It is the study of mammals. Marine Biology - It is the investigation of maritime and oceanic flora, animals, and the ecological interactions between them. Medicine - It is the branch of science concerned with preventing, treating, or reducing disease. Microbiology It is the study of microscopic organisms. Molecular Biology - It is the area of biology concerned with the creation, structure, and use of life's essential macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, and particularly with their involvement in cell replication and the transfer of genetic information. Morphology - It is the study of shapes and forms of living organisms. Mycology - It is the study of fungi. Ornithology - It is the study of birds. Paleontology - It is the study of fossils. Parasitology - It is the study of parasites. Pathology - It is the study of different diseases. Phycology - It is the study of algae (Algology). Physiology - It is the study of the function of organs and body systems. Primatology - It is the study of primates. Protistology - It is the study of protist. Radiology - It is the study of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Toxicology - It is the study of toxins/poison. Virology - It is the study of viruses. Zoology - It is the study of animals. FAMOUS PERSONALITIES IN THE FIELD OF BIOLOGY Thales of Miletus "Father of Natural Philosophy" Natural Philosophy Philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science. It is considered to be the precursor of natural science. Aristotle "Father of Biology and Zoology" "Father of Ancient Taxonomy" Hippocrates "Father of Medicine" According to him, the human body is made up of 4 humors. The Theory of the Four Humors Hippocrates' theory of the four humors basically states that the human body is made up of four substances. The theory refers to these substances as "humors." For ideal health, they have to be in perfect balance. When this balance is lost, it leads to sickness. a. Black bile; b. Yellow bile; c. Blood d. Phlegm Robert Hooke Hooke's most notable publication was Micrographia in 1665. In his experiments using a cork (Oak Tree), he was able to coin the term "cell". "Father of Cytology" Anton Van Leeuwenhoek "Father of Microscopy" He is the first person to observe protozoa and bacteria and calls "animalcules" - little animals. Them Gregor Mendel "Father of Genetics" He is an Austrian monk. Through his experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum), he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. Theophrastus "Father of Botany/Plant Science" Francesco Redi "Father of Modern Parasitology" He challenged the Spontaneous Generation Theory. Spontaneous Generation Theory - suggested that living things arose from non-living things Herbert Spencer He coined the term, "survival of the fittest". William Harvey He discovered the circulation of the blood. Andreas Vesalius He was the first to perform public dissection on a human corpse, a practice that was unusual in the Middle Ages due to spiritual beliefs. Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Galen or Galen of Pergamon) He was an ancient Greek physician anatomist, and philosopher. He discovered that arteries carry blood. Carolus Linnaeus (also known as Carl von Linne) "Father of Modern Taxonomy" He is the one who formalized the modem system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. Binomial Nomenclature - This formal system of naming organisms consists of two Latinized names, the genus and the species. Genus and species names are always italicized. Ex. Homo sapiens x Jean Baptiste Lamarck He is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Matthias Schleiden He said that all plants are made of cells; a botanist. Theodore Schwann He said that all animals are made of cells; a zoologist. Rudolf Virchow He said that cells came from pre-existing cells. Robert Brown He discovered the nucleus within cells. He is also famous for his discovery of the Brownian movement. Charles Darwin "Father of Evolution" "On the Origin of Species" - The book of Charles Darwin. He made his studies in evolution on Galapagos Island with his ship HMS Beagle. He published the book in December 1859. Natural Selection theory It is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring (differential reproduction). Edward Jenner He is the first person to discover the smallpox vaccine. The word vaccine comes from the word "vacca" which means cow. Robert Koch "Father of Bacteriology". He formulated the Germ Theory of Disease and discovered Bacillus anthracis and Tubercle bacillus. Germ theory of disease - He proposed that microorganisms (germs) can lead to a disease. Louis Pasteur "Father of Microbiology" He discovered the process of pasteurization. Pasteurization - It is a process in which water and other substances are treated with mild heat to eliminate pathogens and other harmful microbes, Alexander Fleming "Father of Antibiotics" He discovered Penicillin His accidental discovery was known as "serendipity" Penicillin is an antibiotic drug (antibacterial). Penicillin is made by a fungus, Penicillium notatum. Hugo de Vries "Father of Mutation" Mutation theory It states that living organisms can develop changes to their genes that greatly alter the organism. These changes are passed down to the next generation, and lead to the development of new species. Rosalind Franklin She discovered the structure of DNA in 1953 using X-ray diffraction. Francis Crick & James Watsons They discovered in 1953 the twisted-ladder structure of DNA. Joseph Lister He introduced the "antiseptic technique", which includes steps and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens or disease-causing organisms. Claude Ephraim ZoBell "Father of Marine Microbiology". He discovered living organisms in extreme ocean depth and 65 species of bacteria. Wendell Meredith Stanley He is the one who crystallized the "Tobacco Mosaic Virus". Crystallization It is the process of transforming the components of a virus into organized particles to describe their structure and other characteristics using an X-Ray crystallography technique. Wilhelm Johannsen He was a geneticist, botanist, and pharmacist from Denmark. His 1903 "pure line" genetics studies are what made him most famous, along with his use of the phrases gene, phenotype, and genotype. Imre Festetics He coined the term "genetics" Imre Festetics used the study of sheep to develop many of the fundamental ideas that make up the field of genetics.  William Whewell He coined the term "scientist" Let’s Check Your Understanding Summative or Oral Recitation will be administered by the instructor. Output Task Direction: Time to show creativity in your own innovative way. Create a Brochure with a title: The Famous Personalities in the field Biology. Brochure most include photo and their contribution maximum of 20 minimum of 15 famous personalities. Use photopaper for it to make presentable and you may use the Canva application for editing. You will be graded according to this rubric. Satisfactory Needs Criteria Excellent (10) Good (8) (6) Improvement (4) Brochure is Brochure is exceptionally Brochure is somewhat Brochure lacks creative, creative, visually creative and creativity and innovative, and appealing, and visually innovation, visually engaging, includes 18-20 Creativity and appealing, showcasing less showcasing 20 personalities Innovation including 15-17 than 15 personalities with with detailed personalities personalities with detailed information and with basic limited information information and photos displayed information and photos photos creatively effectively and photos displayed Information on Information on each personality Information on each personality is is mostly personalities is Information is accurate, detailed, accurate and basic and limited and lacks and well- Research and detailed, covering somewhat depth, with researched, Information important accurate, inaccurate details highlighting contributions to providing brief on some significant biology, with details of their personalities contributions to minor contributions the field of biology inaccuracies  Satisfactory Needs Criteria Excellent (10) Good (8) (6) Improvement (4) Brochure layout is Brochure layout Brochure Brochure layout is exceptionally is well-organized, layout is cluttered or organized, with a featuring a clear somewhat confusing, with a clear title, well- title, structured organized, with Presentation and lack of clear sections structured sections, and a a title and basic Layout or visual appeal, sections, and visually pleasing sections, but making it visually appealing design that lacks visual challenging to design enhancing complements the appeal or follow the content content coherence Photos and Photos and Photos and visuals are visuals are visuals are integrated mostly effective used but may Photos and visuals creatively and and not are minimal or effectively, appropriately consistently Use of Visuals and unrelated to the enhancing the used to enhance the Photos content, detracting content and supplement the content, some from the overall engaging the information may be presentation audience provided, irrelevant or throughout the enhancing the poorly brochure overall appeal integrated Brochure mostly Brochure follows the partially Brochure fully instructions, with follows Brochure deviates adheres to all minor deviations instructions, significantly from instructions, from missing some instructions, Adherence to including the requirements key elements missing key Instructions and specific number of such as the like the components like the Requirements personalities, use number of recommended required number of of photo paper, personalities or editing personalities or use and application use of application or of photo paper mentioned recommended precise number editing of personalities applications Nota Bene: Additional Considerations Creativity: Ensure the brochure design reflects the innovative contributions of the famous personalities in the field of biology. Accuracy: Double-check the information provided to ensure accuracy and depth in representing each personality's impact. Layout: Maintain a coherent and visually appealing layout to enhance the overall presentation of the brochure. Visuals: Use high-quality visuals and photos that enrich the content and engage the audience effectively.  Instructions: Pay close attention to the assignment requirements and ensure all details are met for a comprehensive submission. REFERENCES Dickison, W. C. , Yopp,. John H. , Schmid,. Rudolf , Woodwell,. George M. , Rothwell,. Gar W. and Lambers,. Hans (2024, January 26). plant. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/plant History of Ecology. (2021, August 29). https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/63847 Joshi, S. Heyner , Green,. Edna R. and Rogers, Kara (2024, February 12). biology. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/biology Laskey, R. A. , Slack,. Jonathan M.W. , Chow,. Christopher , Alberts,. Bruce M. , Lodish,. Harvey F. , Stein,. Wilfred D. , Cuffe,. Michael , Cooper,. John A. , Staehelin,. L. Andrew and Bernfield,. Merton R. (2024, February 28). cell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology Urry, L. A., Meyers, N., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Orr, R., Burke Da Silva, K., Parkinson, A., Lluka, L., Chunduri, P., & Campbell, N. A. (2021). Campbell Biology: Australian and New Zealand Version. (12 ed.) Pearson Australia. Winchester, A. (2024, February 16). genetics. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/genetics