Chapter 2-3 Study Guide PDF

Chapter 2: Types of ratios and rates: - Arithmetic density: people/land - Agricultural density: farmers/arable land - Physiological density: people/arable land - Crude birth rate: (births/population)\*1000 basically births per 100 people - Crude death rate: (deaths/population)\*1...

Chapter 2: Types of ratios and rates: - Arithmetic density: people/land - Agricultural density: farmers/arable land - Physiological density: people/arable land - Crude birth rate: (births/population)\*1000 basically births per 100 people - Crude death rate: (deaths/population)\*1000 basically deaths per 100 people - Natural increase rate: (CBR-CDR)/10 - Infant mortality rate: all infant deaths/all infant births - Total fertility rate: avg. \# of children per mother - Zero population growth: CBR+immigration/CDR+emigration=0 - Sex ratio: (males/females)\*100 - Dependency ratio: ((\# of children + \# of retired adults)/\# working age adults)\*100 - Child dependency ratio: (\# of children/\# working age adults)\*100 - Retired dependency ratio: (\# of retired adults/\# working age adults)\*100 Demographic Transition Model (DTM): - Demographic transition: a theory/model of changes in a society from high CBR and CDR with a small population to low CBR and CDR with a bigger population. Think "population change high rates low NIR to low rates low NIR" - Stage 1 rates, characteristics, countries, and the population pyramid: - Rates: - High CBR - High CDR - Low NIR - Low life expectancy - Characteristics: - Depended on gathering, hunting, and making food for themselves instead of for sale -- sometimes lots of food sometimes little food; therefore, unpredictable food. - Unpredictable disease - Unpredictable war - Countries: - Human history was mostly here - No current countries - Population pyramid: - A graph of a person and person Description automatically generated - Stage 2 rates, characteristics, countries, and the population pyramid: - Rates: - High CBR - Rapidly declining CDR - High NIR - Higer life expectancy than stage 1 - Characteristics: - Industrialization - Improvement of sanitation and healthcare - Countries: - Uganda - Guatemala - Iraq - Population pyramid: -  - Stage 3 rates, characteristics, countries, and the population pyramid: - Rates: - CBR begins to decline - Low CDR - Mid-high NIR - High life expectancy - Characteristics: - Improvement: - Healthcare - Economy - Urbanization - More economic opportunities - Contraception - Culture shift: women have careers and are seen less as childbearing (baby maker) - Secondary jobs appear - CBR and CDR difference is narrower - Countries: - Mexico - Kenya - Population pyramid: - A graph of a person and person Description automatically generated - Stage 4 rates, characteristics, countries, and the population pyramid: - Rates: - Low CBR - Low CDR - Low NIR - High life expectancy - Characteristics: - More development - ZPG - People focus on career more and marry later, results in smaller families - Immigration - Countries: - USA - China - Canada - Population pyramid: -  - Stage 5 rates, characteristics, countries, and the population pyramid: - There is debate whether stage 5 exists or not - Rates: - Low but increasing CDR (due to evolved disease) - Low CBR - Negative NIR - High life expectancy - Characteristics: - Less women in childbearing years - Country wants more babies - Population getting older - Countries: - Germany - Japan - Population pyramid: - A graph of a person and person Description automatically generated Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM): - Epidemiologic transition: focuses on the health threats in each stage of the demographic transition - Stage 1 name, advancements, example diseases, and connection to DTM: - Name: - Pestilence and famine - Med advancements: - Identified diseases by researchers - Example diseases: - Bubonic Plague - Connection to DTM: - High CDR - Stage 2 name, advancements, example diseases, and connection to DTM: - Name: - Receding pandemic - Med advancements: - Improved sanitation, healthcare, medicine - Example diseases: - Cholera Pandemic - Connection to DTM: - Declining CDR - Stage 3 name, advancements, example diseases, and connection to DTM: - Name: - Degenerative diseases - Med advancements: - Minimized deaths caused by disease - Increase in chronic disease associated with aging - Example diseases: - Cancer - Cardiovascular diseases - Connection to DTM: - Medium-speed declining CDR - Stage 4 name, advancements, example diseases, and connection to DTM: - Name: - Delayed degenerative diseases - Med advancements: - Improved healthcare - Accessibility is easier for healthcare - Example diseases: - Same as stage 3 ETM - Connection to DTM: - Low but increasing CDR - Stage 5 name, advancements, example diseases, and connection to DTM: - Name: - Infectious diseases - Med advancements (not really an advancement) - Disease evolved to resist treatments and cures - Efficient travel makes spread of disease quicker - People in poverty more likely to get sick but can't afford treatment - Example diseases: - HIV - Connection to DTM: - Increasing CDR Rates' impact on regions: - High TFRs indicate growing population, low TFRs indicate declining population - Skewed sex ratio may result in higher crime rates and different patterns of marriage. - High CDRs are linked to places with poor healthcare and sanitation, low CDRs are linked to places with good healthcare and sanitation. - High CBRs contribute to population growth. - High dependency ratios mean a lot more work on the working population. Where are people located?: - In: - Europe: major rivers and capital cities - East Asia: fertile river valleys and ocean - South Asia: coastlines, rivers, plains (flat places suited for crops) - Southeast Asia: deltas, islands - Not in: - Drylands: dry land not suitable to grow crops for a large population - Mountains and other highlands: steep and snow covered, not arable land - Wetlands: rain+heat=depletion of nutrients in soil - Cold lands: unsuitable for crops Other vocabulary: - Overpopulation: the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Think "population goes over." - Carrying capacity: the maximum population size of a species the environment can sustain forever. Think "biggest size sustainable." - Demography: the study of population characteristics. For example, demographers study how people are distributed spatially by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, and so on. - Epidemiology: a branch of medical science that studies the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent in a population at a particular time - Census: an official count or survey of a population's size and its demographic detail. - Ecumene: the portion of Earth's surface occupied permanent human settlement. Think "land habited size." - Doubling time: \# years needed to double population. - Pandemic: a widespread disease across multiple regions and possibly the whole world. - Life expectancy: the average number of years a person will live to. - Population pyramid: a demographic that shows the distribution of a population by age and gender at a specific point in time. Chapter 3: Types of migration: - Migration definition: a permanent move to a new location - Internal migration: a permanent move in the same country - Interregional migration: a movement between two regions in the same country - Intraregional migration: a movement within a region - International migration: a permanent move from one country to another - Voluntary migration: the migrant has chosen to move due to economic reasons and sometimes environmental reasons - Forced migration: the migrant has been forced to move due to political reasons and environmental reasons - Immigration: migration to a country; entering - Emigration: migration from a country; leaving - Chain migration: individuals from a community follow the path of a previous migrant from their community to the same destination - Internally displaced person: a person who is forced to leave their home but remains in the same country Other vocabulary: - Asylum seeker: a person who seeks somewhere save to go - Brain drain: the immigration of intelligent or highly trained people to another country - Circulation: the repetitive, temporary, or cyclical movements of a person between two places - Counterurbanization: the process when people move from urban areas to rural areas - Friction of distance: movement incurs some form of cost in the form of physical effort, energy time, and/or resources - Migration transition: a theory that explains how migration patterns change as a country develops economically and demographically - Net migration: ((\# immigrants-\# emigrants)/population)\*1000 - Mobility: the ability of a person to move from one location to another (very general). - Pull factor: positive aspects of a region that attract migrants - Push factor: negative aspects of a region that repel migrants - Refugee: someone who fled their home for safety due to conflict, violence, prosecution, and human right violations - Unauthorized immigrant: person who migrated to a country illegally. Another term for "undocumented immigrant" and "illegal immigrant." Concepts: Migration Trends: - People come from all over the world. As of 2020, immigrants came to Europe and the United States from Asian countries such as India, China, and Pakistan as well as other countries like Mexico and Russia. - The United States has been the top destination for immigrants, with Germany being the 2^nd^ largest. - As of 2022, 10.6 million immigrants to the United States emigrated from Mexico, with 500k from India and 100k from China. - People tend to migrate from areas that offer less economic opportunities to places with more economic opportunities, more developed, etc. The countries that have too many people to the point that the land cannot sustain the massive populations are more common to have many migrants. Push and Pull Factors: - Push factors are factors that seem to push people out of countries, things that encourage them to leave because life is becoming more and more unbearable in that country. Pull factors are factors that pull people to specific countries. This is usually a benefit that one country has over other countries, making people want to go there instead of somewhere else. - Some examples of push factors that 'push' people away from their home countries and towards the United States include poverty, unemployment, low living standards, natural disasters, religious/political persecution, poor education, and high crime rates encourage people to leave their home countries and head towards the United States. - Some pull factors that 'pull' people to the United States instead of anywhere else includes the many economic and job opportunities, religious and political freedom and good education and healthcare, not to mention the rights of the citizens. MTM (Migration Transition Model) - The MTM is a theory that explains how migration patterns change as the country progresses through the DTM - Stage 1: Pre-modern Traditional Society -- This corresponds to Stage 1 of the DTM, with high CBR and CDR. There is very limited migration, with almost daily or seasonal mobility in search for food. There are currently no countries in this stage. Intraregional migration. - Stage 2: Early Transitional Society -- As the number of deaths decrease due to improved healthcare, the gap between rural and urban cities increases. Migration also increases as more and more people move from rural to more urban places for job opportunities. Some countries currently at this stage includes Mexico, Nigeria and Bangladesh. There is high international and interregional emigration, **rural to urban areas.** - Stage 3: Late Transitional Society -- There is a lot more urban to urban/suburban migration, with rural to urban slowing down as the number of people left in rural areas decreases. People start to migrate around the globe, while internal migration patterns (migration within a country) become much more complicated. Countries currently in this stage includes Brazil, South Africa and China. **Urban to suburban areas**. - Stage 4.5: Advanced/Super Advanced Society -- Migration slows down in general, with slower migration rates both internally and internationally as countries become more developed. Canada, United States, Australia and most Western European countries are currently in this stage. Technology becomes so advanced that people can migrate between countries for work or retirement. - The MTM is closely related to the DTM, because as countries move through the DTM, they also move through the MTM. It is related to the ETM because they are both related to the DTM. As the stage of the country in the DTM changes, both the MTM and ETM stage changes. - As countries move through the MTM, they change from having large numbers of emigrants to having large numbers of immigrants. Refugee Crisis - Refugees escaping from their home countries because of various reasons such as persecution, violence and armed conflict are pushed and shunned away from the developed countries, because each country does not want the responsibility of caring for so much new people. - As of 2024, the most refugees come from Afghanistan and Syrian Arab Republic, each with 6.4 million refugees. Next is Venezuela, with 6.1 m and Ukraine with 6 m. - Most of the refugees go to either neighboring countries, making up 69% of the total refugee population. Many also go to Pakistan or the United States.