Introduction To Demography Handout PDF

INTRODUCTION TO DEMOGRAPHY (PART II) INSTRUCTOR: MS. MINAMI O. IWAYAMA, MA  DEMOGRAPHY OUTLINE I. FORMAL DEMOGRAPHY POPULATION SIZE POPULATION STRUCTURE POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS/COMPOSITION...

INTRODUCTION TO DEMOGRAPHY (PART II) INSTRUCTOR: MS. MINAMI O. IWAYAMA, MA  DEMOGRAPHY OUTLINE I. FORMAL DEMOGRAPHY POPULATION SIZE POPULATION STRUCTURE POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS/COMPOSITION POPULATION PROCESSES 6.1 MORTALITY 6.2 FERTILITY 6.3 MIGRATION II. SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY  DEMOGRAPHY OUTLINE I. FORMAL DEMOGRAPHY POPULATION SIZE POPULATION STRUCTURE POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS/COMPOSITION POPULATION PROCESSES 6.1 MORTALITY 6.2 FERTILITY 6.3 MIGRATION II. SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY  POPULATION PROCESSES [5.1] MORTALITY = Death and Morbidity I: Death II: Morbidity/Health [5.2] FERTILITY = Birth I: Biological Aspect II: Economic Aspect III: Socio-Cultural Aspect [5.3] MIGRATION = Mobility  POPULATION PROCESSES [5.1] MORTALITY = Death and Morbidity I: Death II: Morbidity/Health [5.2] FERTILITY = Birth I: Biological Aspect II: Economic Aspect III: Socio-Cultural Aspect [5.3] MIGRATION = Mobility  6.1 MORTALITY I. DEATH Permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at an time after birth has taken place Cessation of respiratory and circulatory systems  6.1 MORTALITY I.a: TYPES OF DEATH: ENDOGENOUS VS EXOGENOUS DEATH ENDOGENOUS Within the body (Example: Death due to a genetic condition) EXOGENOUS Foreign element that came to the body (Example: Dengue)  6.1 MORTALITY I.b: CAUSES OF DEATH: ACTUAL VS REAL CAUSE OF DEATH ACTUAL CAUSE OF DEATH Diagnosed; what appears in your death certificate REAL CAUSE OF DEATH The immediate cause of death Example: Actual: Cancer Real: Consumption of alcohol, drugs, tobacco…etc  6.1 MORTALITY II. MORBIDITY/HEALTH – Frequency of sickness or diseases – Formal study: Morbidity  6.1 MORTALITY II.a: CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Exogenous: Food, Air, Water Borne diseases NEGLECTED COMMUNICBLE DISEASES Exogenous Research to cure these diseases has stopped Example: Malaria, Leprosy NON-COMUNICABLE DISEASES Lifestyle Genetic  6.1 MORTALITY II.b: ILLNESS VS DISEASE ILLNESS Physical and Social state Socio-cultural Degree of relativism Temporary Characteristics DISEASE Biological (what doctors diagnose)  6.1 MORTALITY II.c: LIFE SPAN VS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIFE SPAN Biological variable Maximum number of years a person can survive in an ideal circumstance LIFE EXPECTANCY Social variable (it differs from society to society) Average number of years one expects to live Example: The life span of a human being is 79 years old. The life expectancy in the Philippines: Males=68.8 ; Females=72.06  6.1 MORTALITY Q: If you are currently living in a developing country, will moving to a developed country increase your life expectancy?  6.1 MORTALITY Q: If you are currently living in a developing country, will moving to a developed country increase your life expectancy? A: Yes! Developed country = Better infrastructure (Medical, Transportation, Police and Security, among others)  POPULATION PROCESSES [5.1] MORTALITY = Death and Morbidity I: Death II: Morbidity/Health [5.2] FERTILITY = Birth I: Biological Aspect II: Economic Aspect III: Socio-Cultural Aspect [5.3] MIGRATION = Mobility  6.2 FERTILITY I. BIOLOGICAL ASPECT I.a: FECUNDITY – Biological capacity of a woman to give birth or to reproduce – Has a lot to do with: FAT CONTENT – Too fat = Irregular menstruation – Too thin = lower fertility PROTEIN – Meat is good; too much meat is bad! STRESS  6.2 FERTILITY I.b: SUBFECUNDITY – Temporary state of INFECUNDITY INFECUNDITY=inability to reproduce REASONS FOR SUBFECUNDITY: Lactational Amenorrhea (breastfeeding) Malnourishment Stress/illness  6.2 FERTILITY I.c: STERILITY – Inability to procreate TWO TYPES: PRIMARY STERILITY –Inability to get pregnant ever since SECONDARY STERILITY – Inability to get pregnant, but experienced pregnancy during her lifetime – May be due to diseases such as STDs  6.2 FERTILITY I.d: SECULAR TREND A trend which states that the average age of puberty is decreasing over time because of better nutrition Example: Age of menarche in the Philippines: 1973 = 13.2 1993 = 12.9 1997 = 12.3  6.2 FERTILITY I.e: MENARCHE AND MENOPAUSE – Menarche is the beginning of menstruation – Menopause is the end of menstruation; the end of a woman’s fertility MEDIAN AGE OF MENOPAUSE DEVELOPED=49; DEVELOPING=44; PHILIPPINES=48 REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP (Reproductive capacity of women) DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: begins at 15 until 49 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: begins at 15 until 44 25 to 29 is the PEAK OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION  6.2 FERTILITY II. ECONOMIC ASPECT  6.2 FERTILITY II. ECONOMIC ASPECT R. EASTERLIN’S INCOME HYPOTHESIS At the start of the Life-Cycle, those with higher income are happier, because material aspirations are fairly similar throughout the population. However, income does not cause well-being to rise both for higher and lower income persons: Even though rising income means that people can have more goods, the favorable effect of this on the well-being is erased by the fact that PEOPLE WANT MORE AS THEY PROGRESS THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE!  6.2 FERTILITY R. EASTERLIN’S INCOME HYPOTHESIS “Why is it that when you have more MONEY, the lesser you want to have children?” ANSWER: Once you increase your economic status, you want to surround yourself with better things: increase spending in luxury, lifestyle, and taste; increase in economic status = want to have a better quality of life, so lesser children because having a child is expensive In having children, increasing economic status = want to have better quality of children, so investing on them will become more expensive (examples: healthier children = complete vaccines; better schools = expensive schools)  6.2 FERTILITY III. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECT While it is expected that the world population will decline because of the changing perspectives on having children: – Pre-Industrial: Having children = Economic Producers More children = more hands to till the soil – Industrial: Having children = Consumers! Modern society created policies that would make children dependent of their parents Example: Mandatory schooling for children FERTILITY REMAINS TO LAG BEHIND MORTALITY!  6.2 FERTILITY FERTILITY REMAINS TO LAG BEHIND MORTALITY! – While modernity paved way for the creation of technologies that increases our life span, it has yet to impact the world’s fertility rate! WHY? Because many societies at present time are still at the pre-industrial stage of development! Rural areas still believe that children are economic producers  POPULATION PROCESSES [5.1] MORTALITY = Death and Morbidity I: Death II: Morbidity/Health [5.2] FERTILITY = Birth I: Biological Aspect II: Economic Aspect III: Socio-Cultural Aspect [5.3] MIGRATION = Mobility  6.3 MIGRATION - Human Migration -The movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily at a new location.  6.3 MIGRATION TYPES OF MIGRATION: Internal Migration – It is the moving within a state, country, or continent. External Migration – It is the moving in a different state, country, or continent. Luzon to Mindanao Philippines is Internal to United Migration States is External Migration  6.3 MIGRATION TYPES OF MIGRATION: Emigration – It is the leaving of one’s country to move to another. Immigration – It is the moving in from a country to a new one Going out of the Entering the United Philippines to States to move out of enter US is the Philippines is Emigration Immigration  6.3 MIGRATION People have many reasons why they might want to move from one place to another. These reasons may be economic, social, political or environmental. For migration to take place there are usually push factors and pull factors at work.  6.3 MIGRATION PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION PUSH FACTORS – Push factors are the reasons that make someone decide to move. This is their own experience of life in one place which gives them good reasons to leave it. – Often push factors are negative things such as unemployment, crop failure, droughts, flooding, war, poor education opportunities or poor services and amenities. PULL FACTORS – Pull factors are the expectations which attract people to the new place. – They are usually positive things such as job opportunities, a better standard of living, better education or better healthcare. 6.3 MIGRATION  SUMMARY: POPULATION PROCESSES BIRTHS DEATHS POPULATION CHANGES IN THE POPULATION CHANGES IN THE POPULATION OUTPUTS THAT CAUSES INPUTS THAT CAUSES ENDOGAMOUS REPLACEMENT -Natural process based on reproduction and death ------------------------------------ EXOGAMOUS REPLACEMENT -Entries and Exits by Migration POPULATION IN-MIGRATION OUT-MIGRATION END