Chapter 18: Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases PDF

‭ HAPTER 18: OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES‬ C ‭*hemoptysis is blood in sputum‬ ‭* primary etiology of all is inflammation‬ ‭ hronic bronchitis is cases by inspired irritants that increase mucus production and the size and number of mucus glads →‬ C ‭inflammation‬ ‭Extension of inflammatory changes...

‭ HAPTER 18: OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES‬ C ‭*hemoptysis is blood in sputum‬ ‭* primary etiology of all is inflammation‬ ‭ hronic bronchitis is cases by inspired irritants that increase mucus production and the size and number of mucus glads →‬ C ‭inflammation‬ ‭Extension of inflammatory changes to alveoli‬ ‭Loss of mucociliary function‬ ‭‬ ‭Replacement of ciliated epithelium with squamous cells‬ ‭‬ ‭Decreased action of cilia present‬ ‭Mucus plugs, thicker than usual —> narrow airways‬ ‭Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls‬ ‭Blebs are small subpleural thin walled air containing spaces no larger than 1 to 2 cm in diameter with walls less than 1 mm thick‬ ‭‬ ‭If they rupture, they allow air to escape into pleural space resulting in a spontaneous pneumothorax‬ ‭Bronchitis vs emphysema‬ ‭ ronchiectasis is the permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lungs with symptoms being chronic cough, productive‬ B ‭with mucus‬ ‭‬ ‭Can be due to an infection or another condition, sometimes not known‬ ‭‬ ‭People are risk are those with cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency disorders, disorder that affect ciliary function‬ ‭‬ ‭Can develop at any age, more common in women (⅔)‬ ‭ ystic fibrosis is a progressive genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections that limit the ability to breath over time caused‬ C ‭by a defective gene that causes a thick, sticky buildup of mucus in the lunge, pancreas, and other organs‬ ‭‬ ‭Recessive disease‬ ‭‬ ‭In the lungs, the mucus clogs the airways and traps bacteria leading to infections, extensive lung damage, and eventually‬ ‭respiratory failure‬ ‭Pulmonary symptoms include persistent coughing, sometimes with phlegm, frequent lung infections including pneumonia or‬ ‭bronchitis, and wheezing or SOB‬ ‭‬ ‭Treatment is airway clearance techniques that loosed thick sticky mucus so it can be cleared from the lungs by coughing or‬ ‭huffing and this can decrease lung infections and improve function‬ ‭‬ ‭Medications include antibiotics, mucus thinners, and nebulizer treatments with bronchodilators‬ ‭CFTR modulator therapy, CFTR protein regulates the proper flow of water and chloride in and out of cells lining the lungs and other‬ ‭organs‬ ‭‬ ‭In people with CF, mutations in the CFTR gene result in either a defective protein being produces or no protein at all‬ ‭‬ ‭b/c different mutations cause different defects in the proteins, teh medications that have been developed so far are‬ ‭effective only in people with specific mutations‬ ‭A newer treatment is trikafta approved for patients 12 years and older who have a least one f508del mutation in the cystic fibrosis‬ ‭transmembrane conductance regulator gene which is estimated to represent 905 of the cystic fibrosis population‬ ‭ topy is a syndrome characterized by a tendency to ber hyperallergic and usually present as eczema, allergic rhinitis (hay fever),‬ A ‭and allergic asthma‬ ‭ sthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, acute of chronic characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and reversible‬ A ‭airflow obstruction usually in response to an allergen resulting from a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility,‬ ‭environmental factors, and infections, usually viral‬ ‭‬ M ‭ ast cells are activated by irritants and or igE (trigger)‬ ‭‬ ‭Inflammation → hyper responsiveness‬ ‭Obstruction occurs secondary to bronchoconstriction, mucus plugs, inflammation‬ I‭nflammatory mediators cause: bronchial SM spasm, airways edema, vascular congestion and increased capillary permeability,‬ ‭mucus increases, impaired ciliary function, second wave mediators obstruction, pulmonary remodeling‬ ‭Atopic dermatitis‬