Chapter 18 Blood Outline and Study Guide PDF

CHAPTER OUTLINE --------------- **18.1 Functions and General Composition of Blood: Blood is a specialized fluid that is transported through the cardiovascular system. (pp. 701--704)** **18.2 Composition of Blood Plasma: Plasma is composed mainly of water (92%), plasma proteins (7%), and dissolved...

CHAPTER OUTLINE --------------- **18.1 Functions and General Composition of Blood: Blood is a specialized fluid that is transported through the cardiovascular system. (pp. 701--704)** **18.2 Composition of Blood Plasma: Plasma is composed mainly of water (92%), plasma proteins (7%), and dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions (1%). (pp. 704--706)** **18.3 Formed Elements in the Blood: Approximately 45% of whole blood is comprised of the formed elements which are the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. (pp. 707--722); Table 18.5 (p. 707)** a. One way to increase the number of erythrocytes is to live and train in a high altitude since the body naturally compensates for the lower oxygen levels by added more red blood cells. This process is legal, but still can be dangerous. b. Blood doping is an illegal procedure, used by some athletes, that results in an increased red blood cell volume and therefore the amount of oxygen that can be delivered to the muscles. c. One method used is to donate one's own blood to yourself a few days prior to the competition: a person removes a unit of blood from themselves, allows time for the body to physiologically replace the removed unit, and then injects the removed unit back into themselves. d. The other method is to inject EPO, a pharmaceutical erythropoietin. e. There are several medical complications associated with blood doping such as increased blood viscosity which causes the heart to work harder to pump the thicker blood; permanent cardiovascular damage can occur, even leading to death. a. Anemia is any condition in which either the percentage of red blood cells is lower than normal or there is a decreased oxygen-carrying capability of the blood due to hemoglobin abnormalities. b. Aplastic anemia---significant decrease in formation of both erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow. c. Congenital hemolytic anemia occurs when destruction of erythrocytes is faster than normal; due to a genetic defect that makes the erythrocyte plasma membrane very fragile. d. Erythroblastic anemia or beta thalassemia is an inherited disease in which a genetic mutation affects hemoglobin production allowing large numbers of immature erythroblasts to enter circulation. e. Hemorrhagic anemia is due to heavy blood loss. f. Pernicious anemia is caused by the failure of the body to absorb vitamin B~12~ due to lack of intrinsic factor form the stomach. g. Sickle-cell disease is an autosomal recessive anemia that occurs when a person inherits two copies of the sickle-cell gene; erythrocytes are sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen levels and can get stuck in smaller blood vessels. h. Iron deficiency anemia---low amounts of iron that means fewer red blood cells with lower oxygen carrying capability. 7\. Blood types (p. 714--716) a\. Surface antigens or agglutinogens, are molecules located on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes. b\. The best known antigens are those of the ABO blood group. c\. The presence or absence of A antigen and B antigen determines your ABO blood type. (Figure 18.9a, p. 715) 1\) Type A blood has the A antigen 2\) Type B blood has the B antigen 3\) Type AB blood has both A and B antigens 4\) Type O has neither antigen. d\. The ABO surface antigens are accompanied by specific antibodies in the blood plasma; antibodies, or agglutinins, are Y-shaped proteins of the plasma that recognize and immobilize antigens of erythrocytes they perceive as foreign. a. Many individuals have received blood transfusions. b. Whole blood transfusions are generally no longer given. c. When an individual donates a unit of blood the blood components are separated into the plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and clotting factors. d. An individual can be transfused with plasma, or red blood cells, or platelets, or a combination of the components. e. The donor's blood is first mixed with an anticoagulant and refrigerated; it is then tested for a variety of infectious agents, then separated into the different components. f. Individuals who have donated blood must wait 8 weeks between donations, to allow enough time for the body to replace the formed elements lost from the whole blood donation. a. During pregnancy, if a mother's blood type is Rh negative and if her fetus's blood type is Rh positive, there can possibly be a medical complication, generally in a second pregnancy. b. The mother can be exposed to the Rh antigen during birth and then produce antibodies against Rh. c. During the next pregnancy, if the fetus is again R positive, the Rh-antibodies can cross the placenta resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis. d. The newborn presents with anemia and hyperbilirubinemia, and may develop heart failure and must be given a transfusion. e. If the mother, prior to the pregnancy, has never produced antibodies to Rh-positive blood, the fetus may not have any difficulty; if the mother has already previously formed antibodies to Rh-positive blood, the fetus will be in jeopardy. f. RhoGAM is a medication given to mothers to prevent the mother from forming anti-D antibodies. a. Leukemia is a malignancy of the leukocyte-forming cells. b. All types are marked by abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes c. Leukocyte numbers increase, while erythrocyte and platelet numbers decrease leading to anemia and bleeding. d. Leukemias are classified based on their duration as either acute or chronic. e. Acute leukemia progresses rapidly and death occurs within a few months after the onset of symptoms of severe anemia, hemorrhages and recurrent infections and tend to occur in children and young adults. f. Chronic leukemia progresses more slowly with longer survival of over a year; symptoms include anemia and a tendency to bleed and is found more in middle-aged and older individuals. **18.4 Hemostasis: The process whereby blood clots and inhibits blood flow through an injured vessel is called hemostasis or stoppage of blood and has three phases. (pp. 722--727)** a. There are several causes for increased bleeding and decreased coagulability of the blood. b. Hemophilia is a group of bleeding disorders caused by specific genetic mutations that cause certain clotting factors to function improperly. c. A vitamin K deficiency may come from liver disease and effects production of several clotting factors. d. Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the platelet count out of normal range; this condition can lead to bleeding problems. e. Blood hypercoagulation can lead to improperly formed thrombi and emboli.