E109 Lecture 12B and C Fall PDF

Erthyropoietin and Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin (TPO) Hormone synthesized in liver Causes megakaryocyte maturity upregulatesplatelets...

Erthyropoietin and Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin (TPO) Hormone synthesized in liver Causes megakaryocyte maturity upregulatesplatelets Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone synthesized in kidneys Causes erythrocyte (RBC) maturity upregulates synthesisof the Red blood cell shape is important Swelled Normal: Biconcave Shriveled Figure 16-6 More surface area Flow is more laminar Flows faster 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time Hallmark of RBCs: hemoglobin oxygen YET Protein made up of 4 subunits containing a heme group that contains iron. Iron is a positive ion and oxygen is a negative ion. So 4 oxygen molecules bind to each hemoglobin. 260 million per RBC Hallmark of RBCs: hemoglobin Healthy adults have ~5 g of iron in their bodies RBCs have a shelf life of about 120 days Transferrin Erythroblasts unnucleatedcellsin marrowearlystage bone ofRBC Intestinal lumen fit Use Fe DMT1 Fe FPT Fe TR Ferritin- in liver Ttransferinbindstoivonyniket.fm Enterocytes(cells in Blood Bone Marrow intestine) vessel DMT=divalent metal transporter; FPT=Ferroportin; TR=Transferrin receptor Spleen: important in blood metabolism Destruction of old RBCs-120 day life Recycling of amino acids and Fe2+ RBC store (in case of blood loss) Heme-group elimination -(heme is converted to bilirubin) § Sent to liver-to bile-to intestine for elimination; or kidneys for elimination Liver RB iminated intestinea kidney Spleen stored in liver as ferritin Stomach Kidney Blood Lecture 12C-Immune System 781-796 Hematopoiesis: synthesis of blood cells Stem cells BONE MARROW Erythroblast Megakaryocyte CIRCULATION Reticulocyte Erythrocyte Platelets Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Dendrites and Macrophages T and B Cells  commute mm t.org gatia isenes TI factories antibody presenting cell macrophage anantigen 8 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  virusaltered 9 9 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  10 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. antipati idthogens 11 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  eatsotherbadcells 12 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  13 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  cell macrophage antigen f presenting 14 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  15 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Introduction Body’s defenses are integrated Innate immunity-born with it mm – Recognition of invading pathogens – Rapid response Adaptive immunity – Slower response but highly specific  Innate immunity Skin – Barrier acidic – Oil and sweat glands give skin a pH of 3–5 – Lysozymes in skin contain enzymes that break bacterial cell walls mn goodbacteria – Skin also contains many normal bacteria Nonpathogenic microorganisms that out-compete pathogenic ones  Other Routes of Infection 3 other potential routes of infection – Digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts All 3 lined by epithelial cells – Cells secrete mucus which traps microbes Digestive tract – Salivary lysozymes – acidic stomach – Nonpathogenic normal flora goodbacteria Respiratory tract – Cilia-brushing away bad stuff Urinary tract – Acidic urine – Nonpathogenic normal flora  immunesystem response inflammation Inflammatory Response/Primary injuredcellsreleaseparacrinehormones Inflammation involves several body systems 1. Injured cells release chemical alarms (hormones), including histamine and mm prostaglandins mm 2. Cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and mm increase in permeability akamacrophages 3. Promote phagocyte accumulation in tissue 4. Hallmark signs – redness, warmth, swelling (edema), pain, and potential loss of function  Swells with Phagocytic Cells innateborn W skinacidityoil macrophages Macrophages – Kill microorganisms through phagocytosis-days to years Neutrophils – Most abundant circulating leukocyte-but die in hours – Also use phagocytosis  Macrophage Jump to long image description 21 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity-If Innate fails adaptive developed builtovertime 1. Specificity of recognition of antigen-anti-your genetics-proteins of the enemy 2. Wide diversity of antigens can be specifically targeted 3. Memory (sometimes), whereby the immune system responds more quickly to an antigen it encountered previously than one it is meeting for the first time  Antigens An antigen is a molecule that provokes a specific immune response May be components of microorganisms For example-A single protein (molecule) on a bacterium has different regions (epitopes) that can stimulate a distinct immune response.  Sentai Lingitidrystem Jump to long image description 24 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Lymphocytes- B and T Cells Carry Out Adaptive Immunity Cells with surface receptors for specific antigen – Direct an immune response against either the antigen (on the microorganism or the cell (meaning you) that carries it. 1. A lymphocyte binds a specific antigen 2. Produces a clone (copies) of different types of cells: 3. Some of these cells respond immediately, 4. Others are memory cells (the vaccine does this!)  Binds 9 t n doan end solution and APC Will presented antigens Antigen to it by prosementing cell in solution 26 Jump to long image description Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Cells of Adaptive Immunity B cells – Respond to antigens by secreting antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) T cells – Regulate other immune cells or directly attack cells that carry specific antigens  Cell-Mediated Immunity Cytotoxic T cells (T! )-recognizes and kills cells in us that are infected by viruses or cancer cells Helper T cells (Th)-expand signals messenger boys  Cytotoxic T Cells destroys toxic cells Recognize altered-self cells, particularly those that are virally infected or tumor cells Recognize foreign peptides bound to self- MHC class I proteins on the cell surface Activated cells induce apoptosis in cells by creating holes in the infected cell  apt MHC Class I-on macrophage T-Cell receptor-on T(C) Cytokines-Signaling molecules- (e.g. IL6, IL9) YOU 30 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Helper T Cells-READ Secrete cytokines that promote activation or differentiation of immune system cells "" cells respond to exogenous antigen that is taken up by an antigen presenting cell – Antigen is partially digested, then complexed with MHC class II proteins – Complex is transported to and displayed on the cell surface Activated T# cells give rise to effector cells and memory cells  Humoral immunity-READ Naive B cells in secondary lymph organs meet antigens B cells are activated when their surface Igs bind to a specific epitope on an antigen – T! cytokines may also be required Activation results in clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma and memory cells Plasma cells produce soluble antibodies against the same epitope  MHC Class II-on macrophage T-Cell receptor-on T(h) of messengers ”we found it also” ”Plasma B” 33 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.