Chapter 14 WHAP Notes PDF

The following assignment must include NOTES, HIGHLIGHTS and SUMMARIES related to the chapter (see details below). Chapter 14 Title: Commerce and Consequence (1450 – 1750) *SUMMARIES/COMMENTS: *NOTES: Label all Headings and Su...

The following assignment must include NOTES, HIGHLIGHTS and SUMMARIES related to the chapter (see details below). Chapter 14 Title: Commerce and Consequence (1450 – 1750) *SUMMARIES/COMMENTS: *NOTES: Label all Headings and Subheadings from the chapter. Write a brief summary after Notes must also be written using your own words. Click HERE for each Heading (3-6 sentences). more information on recommended Note-taking strategies. You may also use the space below to personalize your *HIGHLIGHTS: Identify SPICE-T Themes throughout your notes. notes (eg, vocabulary, Highlight each theme using the following colors Social, Political, commentary, connections, Interactions with the Environment, Culture, Economics, images, etc.) Technology Summary I: Intro: This first section talks about Atlantic Slave trade = big deal. the effects of trade on 1450 - 1750, Europeans: Involved in Indian Ocean Europe and Asia, especially spice trade, interacting with Asian societies, got silver regions like Portugal and from mines in Spanish America, enriched Western Spain. Adding on, it talks Europe ---> to China, allowing them full access to the about how these upcoming trade in East Asia, furs (North America) & Siberia had regions managed trade and a market in Europe and China. how their actions affected Hunting of animals with fur changed natural & the region near them. Also, it human societies. talks about how the Spanish Southeast Asians, Chinese, Indians, Armenians, Arabs, and other empires, used Africans, & Native Americans = big roles in the world’s trade to strengthen their economy during the early modern era. influence and expand their I. Europeans and Asian Commerce empire. 1497 - 1499 voyage of Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama: Europeans sailed to India for the first time. The Portuguese spent ∼ 100 years planning & exploring to find a sea route to Asia. ○ Went to the west coast of Africa, then around the southern tip, and back up the east coast --> crossed the Indian Ocean, reached Calicut in India in 1498. Europeans found an old & rich trade route that went from East Africa to China but were unaware of how it worked. Wanted tropical spices: Cinnamon, nutmeg, mace,  cloves, & mainly pepper ○ Pepper: Wildey used as condiments/preservatives. Sometimes considered as aphrodisia (sexual desire) Goods from the East in high demand = Chinese silk, Indian cotton, rhubarb for medicinal purposes, emeralds, rubies, & sapphires. 15th century: Europe's population was increasing. National monarchies (Spain, Portugal, England, & France) learned how to tax more effectively & built military forces w/gunpowder weapons. Cities were expanding; England, Netherlands, & Northern Italy Big trade cities. ○ Allowed for economies to be based on market exchange, private ownership, & saving money Rhubarb: got new projects. Eastern goods got into the Mediterranean through the Middle East from the Indian Ocean trade network. ○ Issues: The supply of high-demand goods was controlled by Muslims. ○ Muslims Egypt = Key region for goods to be Armenian Christian: This traded and transferred in the Mediterranean → version of Christianity was European Christian customers. based on Apostolic leanings, ○ Venice controlled the European trade of Holy Tradition, and the words Eastern goods; sent ships to Egypt to get written by God. goods. ○ Venetians (native citizens of Venice) didn't like that Muslims managed the Indian Ocean trade. ○ Other Europeans didn't like depending on Venice and Muslim traders for goods. To avoid this, the Portuguese wanted a sea route to India. ○ Several Europeans believed in the existence of a legendary Christian king (Prester John). Apparently ruled a distant kingdom in Asia or Africa. By finding him, they wanted to join forces & fight against Muslim powder; continue the Crusades This helped motivate the Portuguese to explore and find new routes.  ○ Europe struggled to pay for Asian goods = goods weren’t popular in Asian markets. ○ Europeans had to use gold/ silver (cash) to buy Asian spices or textiles. Europe’s trade deficit made precious metals (gold & silver) highly valuable and motivated exploration. The Portuguese explored the West African coast to find African gold. Rich silver mines in Mexico & Bolivia supported Europe’s short-term cash shortage. European countries (Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and Britain) go into the Indian Ocean trade. Each European country was different in the Asian trade system, but united they supported the start of a new era of worldwide trade. a. A Portuguese Empire of Commerce The Indian Ocean trade network = different from Portuguese knowledge. ○ It was huge & included traders from East Africans, Arabs, Persians, Indians, Malays, Chinese, etc. Indian Ocean trade network: Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, Jews, and Chinese from various communities. The Portuguese could have joined the trade peacefully, but their goods weren't wanted in Asia. Portuguese ships had cannons; Indian Ocean merchant ships were barely armed. Early 1400s: The Chinese fleet left the Indian Ocean, no major power controlled the trade routes, → smaller traders could move freely, but piracy was sometimes a concern. The Portuguese had an advantage in the Indian Ocean due to their ships being stronger than other naval forces. ○ Ship cannons could destroy coastal defenses. ○ European economies were behind Asia; good at naval technology & warfare. Portuguese were able to build basses in several different locations due to their military advantage: ○ Mombasa (East Africa)  ○ Hormuz (Persian Gulf entrance) ○ Goa (west coast of India) ○ Malacca (Southeast Asia) ○ Macao (south coast of China, gotten by bribery & negotiations) Most locations were forcibly taken from smaller/ weaker states. 1505: The Portuguese commander (in Mombasa city) reacted to local opposition by destroying the city, & killing ∼ 1,500 people. ○ This led to valuable goods (cotton & silk) being overtaken. Early 1500s: The Portuguese created a "trading post empire" in the Indian Ocean. ○ Wanted to control trade rather than regions/ populations. ○ Used military force instead of economic rivalry to get this. To gain dominance over the spice trade. Portuguese king was called "Lord of the Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India." Cartaz System: Portuguese authorities (East) made it so in order to transport cargo you must have to buy a cartaz (pass) & pay a tax of 6-10%. ○ This allowed Portugal to control trade networks & make money from passing traders. ○ slightly blocked the Red Sea route to Europe, wanting to take over the money made from the route around Africa & cutting down other networks to the Mediterranean. Portuguese were never able to control the whole spice trade to Europe (most was half). ○ Due to strong local defense and need of supply. Weren't able to take over Indian Ocean trade → The Portuguese exchanged goods between Asian ports and provided shipping services, = goods were not wanted. Big communities: Less Portuguese traders than local Asian merchants; many married Asian women. ○ Some Portuguese converted to Islam, fusing  into local cultures. 1600: The Portuguese empire was going down. ○ Over-expanding/ more defense coming from Asian states (Japan, Mughal India, & Persia). ○ Other European countries (Dutch & English) started contesting the Portuguese strong role in the spice trade → Portuguese empire went down. b. Spain and the Philippines Early 1500s: As Portuguese ships brought valuable spices to Europe; Spain wanted the East's wealth but realized they were behind Portugal in the spice trade. Ferdinand Magellan’s Voyage (1519-1521): Spanish explorer og Portuguese, discovered the Philippine archipelago (group of islands) for Spain during his global expedition. ○ Interest in the Spanish region. 1565: Spain had colonial rule over the Philippines, w/ military forces, relations with local chiefs, & Catholic rituals taking over. ○ Different from the Portuguese commerce in the post-empire. The Spanish made an important missionary → converted a lot of Filipino society to Christianity, ○ The Philippines = the main Christian outpost in Asia. In the southern Philippines (Mindanao), Islam was growing = refusal to Spanish influence that lasted for ∼ 100 years this continued till the 21st century. Spanish colonial practices included forced taxes, tribute, & labor workers not getting paid. ○ Populations were moved to Christian communities. ○ Large communities were made & owned by Spanish settlers & religious orders. Spanish priests replaced Filipino women who were spiritual leaders/healers. 1600: Manila (Philippine capital) = trade hub w/ 40,000 or more people. ○ Such as Spanish officials, Filipino migrants, and foreign merchants (Chinese & Japanese).  Chinese traders = economically important to the colony. ○ But their impact and defense to conversion → discrimination, revolts, and violent suppression by Spanish authorities. 1603: Spanish forces killed ∼ 20,000 Chinese residents in the Philippines after a rebel, ○ Spanish & Chinese were important to the economy but had a tense relationship. c. The East India Companies In the early 1600s (early 17th century), the Dutch & English arrived at the Indian Ocean. ○ Swiftly overtook Portugal's control by using force/ new economic strategies. The Dutch and British started the Dutch East India Company & British East India Company. ○ Companies = private, got money through investors and were given special rights by their governments to control trade, make laws, and go to war. The Dutch focused on Indonesia then the Spice Islands; the British focused on India. ○ A French trading company started in the Indian Ocean region. The Dutch forcefully stopped islands that produced spice (Banda Islands). ○ Killed/ enslaved most of the population → control nutmeg, mace, and cloves. ○ Dutch profits went up, but nearby economies and populations went down greatly. 1624-1662: The Dutch controlled Taiwan and wanted Chinese immigration to produce agriculture. ○ Later, the Chinese got rid of the Dutch, → Taiwan became one with China, crossing off European and Chinese expansion. The British made trading posts in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. Gained sea control over the Arabian Sea. ○ The British didn't control land militarily due to the power of the Mughal Empire, unlike the Dutch. ○ The British used permissions, payments, and  bribes. British merchants focused on Indian cotton textiles. ○ High demand in Britain & American colonies. ○ Several Indian villages made special textiles for British markets. Similar to the Portuguese: Dutch & English were heavily involved with Asian trade. Carrying trade: Brought goods from within Asia without depending on European gold/silver. The Dutch & British went from luxury items to bulk goods (pepper, textiles, tea, and coffee) this was more attractive to a bigger market, besides rich people. Late 18th Century: Trading post empires (Dutch and British) → colonial rule. ○ Britain ruled over India and the Dutch over Indonesia. d. Asians and Asian Commerce 16th-17th Centuries: European influence in Asia increased but their control was minimal compared to the Americas. ○ Only controlled small regions (Philippines and bits of Spice Islands) ○ Faced opposition from strong Asian states (Siam) which banished the French (in 1688) due to religious disputes. The mid-1500s: Japan welcomed Portuguese traders /missionaries. ○ They had advanced European military technology, shipbuilding, and trade during Japan’s civil conflicts. During the early 1600s, the Tokugawa shoguns brought (military government) Japan together → Europeans = threat. ○ Tokugawa shogun's main goal = no missionaries and Christianity. ○ 1650: Japan forbids foreign trade to one Dutch port, → less foreign influence till 1850. Early 1600s: Japanese traders began trading in Southeast Asia (acted assertively). The Tokugawa government didn't allow them to trade with them.  ○ Warned Southeast Asian rulers to punish misbehavior without Japan’s permission. Asian traders (Arabs, Indians, and Chinese) still controlled most trade within Asia, even though Europeans had naval control. ○ Changed their goods to match the demand and started to take part in the European-dominated sea trade networks (Indian Ocean). Southeast Asia: Female merchants had trading roles. ○ Local proverbs supported women and wanted them to manage finances. Indian merchants/ moneylenders like Virji Vora, ruled trade networks across Asia. ○ Rich Asian merchants ruled trade by setting prices and loaning money at high interest rates to European traders. ○ This allowed them a lot of power over European companies, despite Europeans controlling the sea networks. Armenian Christian traders connected Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. ○ Indian family businesses took advantage of trade items like pepper, making networks similar to European trading businesses. China, Japan, and the Mughal Empire hugely lessened European influence → restricted foreign access, or had strict trade rules. Overland (land trade routes) trade stayed under Asian control. Expanded with European sea control and connected far regions without European involvement. Summary II: II. Silver and Global Commerce This next section focuses on Mid-1500s: Huge silver deposits found in Bolivia silver and how its trade (Potosí) & Japan → increasing the worldwide silver changed societies and supply. influenced global ○ ∼ 85% of the world's silver came from relationships. It also explains Spanish-controlled mines in the Americas the increased demand for supporting global trade. silver and its important Manila (Philippines's capital & Spain’s Asian colony) = impact on trade. trade center for silver trade for the Americas & Asia. ○ Silver (Bolivia and Mexico) was sent to the Pacific to the Philippines, linking the economies of Asia and the Americas. In 1570: China started requiring taxes (paid in silver), making silver more valuable worldwide. ○ Increased global trade as countries wanted goods such as silk/porcelain in exchange for silver. Silver came from Spanish America & went to Europe, then traded to Asia. ○ Chinese, Portuguese, & Dutch traders traded goods in Manila. ○ Standard Spanish silver coins spread throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas. 1500: Silver made Spain rich & a strong European power. ○ Was able to fund wars and expand its empire. ○ Poor economic policies = inflation compared to long-term growth, causing Spain’s decline in the 1600s. The General Crisis in 1600: Too much silver caused prices to skyrocket in Europe, causing poverty to worsen, and started protests. ○ This with the Little Ice Age, caused what historians consider the "General Crisis" (17th century). Japan's Tokugawa shoguns used silver to unify Japan, be friendly with traders, & put money into the economy. ○ Japan kept forests which limited population growth, this allowed for industrialization later on. Since China required taxes to be paid in silver this to  commercialize their economy. ○ Certain areas focused on certain goods (silk) in return for silver. But this caused environmental harm/ deforestation. Asia (mainly China) = big role in worldwide trade. Europe was mainly the middleman since it transported silver and had to compete to be a part of the Asian markets. Asian goods (mainly Chinese silk/ Indian cotton) were so high in demand that products made by Europeans couldn’t compete. 1717: France bans Indian cotton & Chinese silk imports to keep local companies in business/ protect them. Summary III: III. “The World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce This section focuses on Lower temperatures during the Little Ice Age (early another key item that came 1600s) = high demand for fur in Europe. during this time and played Fur prices (beaver pelts) hugely increased due to the an important role in warmth & luxury status it had. commerce: fur. The section The fur trade decreased animal populations, mainly gives details on how fur beavers & which almost went to extinction (early 19th came to be so important. century) Also, how it affected trade ○ This was caused by overhunting → loss of and the regions where it was wetland environments in North America. heavily traded. In North America: The French, British, & Dutch were all involved in the fur trade. Depended on Native Americans for labor & trading networks. Native Americans traded furs for European goods such as guns, metal tools, & alcohol. ○ Gave them valuable resources, but led to them depending more on European goods, causing problems between tribes. European diseases greatly decreased Native American populations and this affected the fur trade. ○ Also, more competition for fur and increased war. ○ Started “mourning wars” (getting people from other regions to replace the lost population in their region) The fur trade changed gender roles within Native  American societies. ○ Men’s hunting roles = are more based on the economy. ○ Women's hunting roles = usually manage the production of furs. ○ Lost some power as European goods replaced handmade items. European settlers and alcohol harmed Native societies causing addiction, more violence, and disruption within communities. Russia expanded into Siberia (16th & 17th centuries) to take advantage of its “soft gold” (fur). ○ The Russian state put taxes on Siberian indigenous people through hostage-taking, → more depend & population decrease due to disease. Unlike in North America: Europeans traded furs commercially, while Russians put fur taxes on Siberians. ○ Independent Russian hunters fought directly with Siberian trappers, making the fur-bearing animal population decrease. The fur trade connected vast regions across North America, Europe, and Asia. Linking with the worldwide silver trade ○ American silver supported Europeans buying Russian & North American furs. Summary IV: IV. Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade The final section of the 1500-1866: Over 12.5 million Africans were unwillingly chapter talks about an brought to the Americas important aspect of trade: ○ ∼ 1.8 million died on the slave ship during the the Atlantic Slave Trade. It Middle Passage because of unlivable explains how this trade conditions. worked, the factors that The trade disputed African communities. drove its development, and ○ Elites sometimes gain wealth, but due to violent its effects on the civilizations, raids, a decrease in population, and societal empires, and individuals disturbance. involved or nearby. Despite racial separation increasing, African customs, music, food, and beliefs heavily influenced the cultural identity of the Americas. European & American economies thrived by enslaved labor and racial stereotypes. ○ This caused protests movements for workers rights, anti-colonialism, and gender equality. a. The Slave Trade in Context 1500: Slavery occurred during early hunter-gatherer, agricultural, and pastoral societies. ○ Before 1500: Slave trades happened in the Mediterranean & Indian Ocean areas. ○ Important resources in Southern Russia & African societies. Africans were sold as slaves through the trans-Saharan and East African merchants. ○ This brought enslaved people to the Islamic world & beyond Africa. ○ By the 7th century, African people were a part of the Middle East & Indian Ocean regions. Slavery differs from region to region. ○ Slaves in some cultures were involved with their masters’ communities (Indian Ocean). ○ Others were more isolated and mistreated. ○ Islamic world: female slaves were used for domestic roles. ○ Atlantic slavery mainly depends on male labor for plantations. 16th century: The Atlantic slave trade started and was very large & important to the economy of the Americas. ○ Focused on plantation agriculture: Slaves had  no rights and were treated as property. ○ Their future generations were often slaves also. Americas: Slavery was more connected with race (mainly Africans) and linking "black" people with slavery. ○ This was more dominant in the Americas compared to earlier global systems. Sugar plantations started in the Mediterranean and spread to Caribbean colonies increasing the need for enslaved labor. ○ By the Crusades, Europeans knew about sugar from the Arabs and started farming At first they used Slavic people as slaves. 1453: Constantinople was taken over by the Ottoman Empire, which caused no access to Slavic slaves. ○ This caused Europeans to look at Africa as a source of labor. ○ Mid-15th century: Portugal started taking part in West African slave markets. The Pope allowed Spain & Portugal to enslave Muslims, pagans, and other non-Christians. ○ Gave religious reasons for capturing and using Africans as slaves. Africans = the main source of labor bc of their agricultural skills, having some immunity to tropical and European diseases, being near the Americas, & easy access through African trade networks. European racism came with African slavery. ○ How Europeans viewed Irish people was influenced by earlier Islamic racism, and was transferred to Africans. ○ Harsh treatment was okay because they were considered the “inferior race” or “less than human.” b. The Slave Trade in Practice The Atlantic slave trade (over four centuries) was mainly controlled by Europeans. ○ Controlled the trade from the African coast to American plantations. African merchants & political elites gave slaves to European buyers.  ○ Motivated by goods such as textiles, firearms, and alcohol. ○ Europeans tried to invade, however failed due to African defense and immunity to tropical diseases. African traders wanted European & Indian textiles, cowrie shells, metals, firearms, and decorative items. ○ This was a part of the worldwide trade linking silver mining in the Americas. Africans who were captured had horrible conditions from the interior to the Atlantic (the Middle Passage). ○ Resisted by jumping overboard or protesting. At first, it was controlled by the Portuguese. Trade increased (17th century) due to the British, Dutch, and French taking part. ○ Trade was at its highest during 1700 - 1850, this was also with the plantation boom in the Americas. Most slaves came from West and South-Central Africa. ○ These slaves were prisoners, criminals, or debtors → mainly sent to Brazil & the Caribbean. African captives = "outsiders" to people who sold them, and lacked the community protection needed to avoid enslavement. ○ During this time, the idea of Africans sharing an identity was rare. Atlantic journey = dangerous. ○ ∼ 14% died & uprisings continued on the ship, and 10% of journeys had an uprising. Americas: Slaves protested by running away, working slowly, or rebelling. ○ Maroon (runaway slave communities) societies(mainly Palmares in Brazil, lasted till the 17th century. The Haitian Revolution 1790s: The only huge slave rebellion = long-lasting freedom. ○ Caused ideas about resistance and the idea of being free to spread throughout the Americas. c. Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in  Africa The Atlantic slave trade changed Africa into a European-centered economy. ○ Millions of Africans had to move to the Americas forcibly. ○ 16th-19th centuries: This hugely impacted the demographics and economies of both continents. Africa’s population growth was slow due to trade. ○ Other regions grew demographically but sub-Saharan Africa’s population went from 18% (1600) to 6% (1900), somewhat due to the slave trade’s impacts. The trade = the economy to not grow/ stay the same in Africa. ○ In Europe, investment resulted in technological advances. However African elites didn't reinvest trade profits in useful development. ○ This caused traditional artisan work to continue without much growth. Within African communities, social disruption/moral corruption occurred due to trade. ○ Judicial practices were twisted to make captives for sale. ○ A symbol for its exploitation was in a West African legend about a cowrie shell. 17th century: The Lemba cult was based along the Congo River. Made up of elite traders to control the disturbances caused by the slave trade. ○ Goal = want to keep elite privileges through ritual and control over trade routes. More men were sent to the Americas = and African women did more labor (mainly for crops such as cassava). ○ Gender imbalance increased polygamy (a man having multiple wives), & elite African men used female slaves as status symbols. Senegambia region: women known as signare got money by marrying European traders (some managed important trade networks). ○ Queen Nzinga of Matamba (1626-1663) also went against European influence.  ○ Signares: women in cross-cultural marriages with European males. African powers looked to take advantage of new commercial opportunities/to manage the slave trade to their own liking.