Chemistry Notes Chapter 1.1 and 1.2 PDF

1.1 Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes. Ch. 1 Mass vs. Matter Mass is the measure of the amount matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Building Blocks of Matter 1. Atom: the smallest u...

1.1 Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes. Ch. 1 Mass vs. Matter Mass is the measure of the amount matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Building Blocks of Matter 1. Atom: the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. 2. Element: a pure substance made of only one kind of atom Building Blocks of Matter 3. Compound: a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded. Properties and Changes in Matter Extensive Properties: depend on the amount of matter. ie volume, mass, and amount of energy Intensive Properties: do not depend on the amount of matter. ie melting point, boiling point, density, conductivity, and heat  Matter I. States of Matter (p.12) ⬥States of Matter C. Johannesson  B. Four States of Matter ⯌ Solids ⬥very low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around ⬥fixed shape ⬥fixed volume C. Johannesson  B. Four States of Matter ⯌ Liquids ⬥low KE - particles can move around but are still close together ⬥variable shape ⬥fixed volume C. Johannesson  B. Four States of Matter ⯌ Gases ⬥high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container ⬥variable shape ⬥variable volume C. Johannesson  B. Four States of Matter ⯌ Plasma ⬥very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) ⬥gas-like, variable shape & volume ⬥stars, fluorescent light bulbs C. Johannesson  1.2 - Matter II. Properties & Changes in Matter (p.11-14) ⬥Extensive vs. Intensive ⬥Physical vs. Chemical C. Johannesson  B. Physical vs. Chemical ⯌ Physical Property ⬥can be observed without changing the identity of the substance ⯌ Chemical Property ⬥describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity C. Johannesson  B. Physical vs. Chemical ⯌ Examples: ⬥melting point physical ⬥flammable chemical ⬥density physical ⬥magnetic physical ⬥tarnishes in air chemical C. Johannesson  B. Physical vs. Chemical ⯌ Physical Change ⬥changes the form of a substance without changing its identity ⬥properties remain the same ⯌ Chemical Change ⬥changes the identity of a substance ⬥products haveC.different Johannesson properties  B. Physical vs. Chemical ⯌ Signs of a Chemical Change ⬥change in color or odor ⬥formation of a gas ⬥formation of a precipitate (solid) ⬥change in light or heat C. Johannesson  B. Physical vs. Chemical ⯌ Examples: ⬥rusting iron chemical ⬥dissolving in water physical ⬥burning a log chemical ⬥melting ice physical ⬥grinding spices physical C. Johannesson Classification of Matter ⬥1.2 C. Johannesson Classification of Matter ⬥Matter Flowchart C. Johannesson  A. Matter Flowchart MATTER yes Can it be physically no separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE yes Is the n yes Can it be chemically n composition decomposed? uniform? o o Homogeneous Heterogeneous Mixture Mixture Compound Element (solution) C. Johannesson Colloids Suspensions  A. Matter Flowchart ⯌ Examples: ⬥graphite element ⬥pepper hetero. mixture ⬥sugar (sucrose) compound ⬥paint hetero. mixture ⬥soda solution C. Johannesson  B. Pure Substances ⯌ Element ⬥composed of identical atoms ⬥EX: copper wire, aluminum foil C. Johannesson  B. Pure Substances ⯌ Compound ⬥composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio ⬥properties differ from those of individual elements ⬥EX: table salt (NaCl) C. Johannesson  B. Pure Substances ⬥A pure substance always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements. ⬥A pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. C. Johannesson  B. Pure Substances ⯌ For example… Two different compounds, each has a definite C. Johannesson composition.  C. Mixtures ⯌ Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances which retain their own properties. Heterogeneous Homogeneous C. Johannesson  C. Mixtures ⯌ Solution ⬥homogeneous ⬥very small particles ⬥particles don’t settle ⬥EX: rubbing alcohol C. Johannesson  C. Mixtures ⯌ Colloid ⬥heterogeneous ⬥medium-sized particles ⬥particles don’t settle ⬥EX: milk C. Johannesson  C. Mixtures ⯌ Suspension ⬥heterogeneous ⬥large particles ⬥particles settle ⬥EX: fresh-squeezed lemonade C. Johannesson  C. Mixtures ⯌ Examples: ⬥mayonnaise colloid ⬥muddy water suspension ⬥fog colloid ⬥saltwater solution ⬥Italian salad suspension dressing C. Johannesson