Reading In Philippine History PDF

LESSON 1 NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE HISTORY 1. HISTORY HAS NO SUBJECT HISTORIA (SPANISH) MATTER OF...

LESSON 1 NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE HISTORY 1. HISTORY HAS NO SUBJECT HISTORIA (SPANISH) MATTER OF ITS OWN HISTORIE (FRENCH) Covers all the persons and GESICHTE (GERMAN) all events that have STORY happened in the past. - GREEK NOUN (HISTORIE OR Cover everything that has HISTORIA) happened in the society LEARNING, INQUIRY including all aspects from OR INVESTIGATION political, economic, social, Used by the GREEK culture. PHILOSOPHER 2. HISTORY SYNTHESIZES ARISTOTLE KNOWLEDGE FROM OTHER KASAYSAYAN (FILIPINO) FIELDS SALAYSAY – narrative Analyzes the relations of or a story different events, their SAYSAY – meaning cause and effects using ✓ Without both, you also the knowledge used in cannot have true other fields of Social history. Sciences such as (AMBETH Anthropology, Sociology, OCAMPO,2014) Economics, etc. It is a branch of Social Sciences 3. HISTORY ILLUMINATES that deals with the systematic PIECES OF THE PAST study of the past, a branch of Provides explanation of knowledge that records and things that happened in the explains past events and which past. concerns people and human nature. By looking at the HISTORIOGRAPHY relationships of different events and phenomena, it It refers to the study of history provides explanations for itself. unexplainable gaps. It analyzes who is the history 4. HISTORY IS CONSTANTLY writer, the motives of the writer, CHANGING the sources of the writer, theories An historian makes an applied and other historical analysis based only on records. available sources of data. ELEMENTS OF HISTORY When new data are discovered, previous 1. THE HISTORIAN historical accounts can be 2. PLACE changed. 3. PERIOD 4. SOURCES HISTORY INRELATION TO OTHER E. KENT ROGERS SOCIAL SCIENCE To know about the roots of our current 1. ARCHAEOLOGY culture. Scientific study of material To learn about human remains of past human life nature by looking at and activities. the trend that repeat Through investigations of through history. artifacts, the historian can To learn about draw important analysis mistakes of those who and interpretation for them have gone before us. and make description of AMBETH OCAMPO the lives and culture of History can be a mere people that owned the narrative of past artifacts. events, while Archeologist kasaysayan is not just 2. ANTHROPOLOGY a narrative or salaysay The study of human – it must have saysay beings and their ancestors or meaning. through time and space Saysay gives us a way and in relation to physical or looking at the character, environmental world, a Filipino and social relation, and viewpoint that culture. influences the way we Anthropologist see the past, the IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF present, and hopefully HISTORY the future. History is making It provides us with the capacity to people see their past, analyze previous events and thereby giving them a phenomena which therefore will sense of being provide us with proper basis on Filipinos. how to view the present and the If memory gives us future. our individual Will provide us with a strong basis identities, then history for providing answers for will contribute to a problems that pervades at present. national memory and Our historical view will in itself eventually national provide us with the manner by identity. which we view the present and how we prepare for the future. History does not repeat itself. We repeat history. LESSON 2 7. Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of SOURCES OF HISTORY eyewitnesses or participants; Historical evidences are important recordings are then transcribed and proof of the truthfulness of the used for research. past. 8. Published and unpublished These evidences become the primary documents, eyewitness sources of historical data. accounts, and other written sources. HISTORICAL CRITICISM 9. EMPIRICAL STUDIES - research CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF where an experiment was HISTORY performed or a direct observation was made. - PRIMARY SOURCES - SECONDARY SOURCES Provides direct or Are interpretations of firsthand evidences about history they describe, an event, object, person or discuss, interpret, work of art. comment upon, analyze, These are the evidences by evaluate, summarize, and eyewitness or created by process primary sources. people who experienced These are products of the said event or people or writers who wee phenomena. not part of the event or The historian’s phenomena. responsibility is to Books, articles, and organize the primary scholarly journals that had sources into coherent interpreted primary account to become sources or had used them secondary source. to discuss certain subject 1. Photographs that may reflect social of history. conditions of historical realities - TERTIARY SOURCES and everyday life Contains information that 2. Old sketches and drawings that has been compiled from may indicate the conditions of life primary and secondary of societies in the past. sources. 3. Old maps that may reveal how 1. Almanacs, dictionaries, space and geography were used to encyclopedias, directories, emphasize trade routes, structural guidebooks, indexes, abstracts, buildup, etc. manuals, and textbooks. 4. Cartoons for political expression or propaganda 5. Material evidence of prehistoric past like cave drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient writings. 6. Statistical tables, graphs, and charts. TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Sources have to undergo doubting and therefore - ARCHIVAL MATERIAL should be critically tested Business and personal for validity. correspondence Diaries and journals TWO KINDS: Legal and financial documents EXTERNAL Photographs, maps, architectural CRITICISM drawings - Covers the physical examinations Computer Tapes of sources like documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, - GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS maps, inscriptions and monuments. Evidence of activities, function, - Consideration in doing validation: and policies. authorship, date and place of Hearing and debates of legislative publication, textual errors, and bodies. meaning of words used. Official text of laws, regulations 1. AUTHORSHIP and treaties. - The name of the author of the Records of government document provides credence in the expenditures and finances. establishment of validity of a Statistical compilations of certain document. economic, and scientific data. - The author’s name itself can - SERIALS provide for the test of authenticity. Journals, magazines, and - In case of anonymous writings, the newspapers that are published on office that holds the record should daily basis. also be taken into consideration. Book reviews, editorials, and review articles. 2. DATE AND PLACE OF - BOOKS PUBLICATION - VISUAL AND AUDIO - The date of the document MATERIALS including the time and place of Maps, photographs, prints, graphic publication should be properly arts, original art forms. analyzed in order to establish its Films, videos, TV programs, and authenticity. digital recordings. - The historian should look for dates Documentaries, feature films, TV mentioned within the manuscript news broadcast, radio broadcast or cross check with other records. recordings, and recorded music of 3. TEXTUAL ERRORS particular era. - The style of writing of author can HISTORICAL CRITICISM also be used to authenticate the originality of the document. To check the authenticity - If the style of writing does not of the sources that are match the author’s style of writing presented to be used in then the document is dubious. writing history.  4. MEANINGS OF WORDS USE - Historian have to interpret the words used based on the time when the document was made. - Historian have to take consideration the place and culture when the document was made. - Example: Code of Kalantiaw INTERNAL CRITICISM - Understanding both literal and real meaning of words. - Historian should: Be able to analyze and interpret the contents of documents and their real meaning. Posses the capacity to doubt all documents and facts when these are not yet subject to authentication. Verify if the writer of the document has a first hand information or had experience the phenomena he wrote and how long was the time lapsed between the occurrence of the event and the time the document was written. LESSON 3 PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD Put up a maritime school that trained sailors who would later HISTORICAL CONTEXT discover an eastern route to Spice European discovered some Island (Moluccas Island) and other products that are not available in island in Southeast Asia via their country. Atlantic and Indian Ocean. – Porcelain, silk, incense, herbs, perfumes, fabric, carpets, and spices. – Spices became the most in-demand and expensive commodity. Asian goods reached Europe either via Silk Road Marriage between Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon II resulted to in the rise of Spain as a world power. Inspired by the success of Arab-Italian trade route Portugal, Spain aspired to have a fair share in the spice trade. They started to explore their options outside the Iberian Peninsula, even financed tans-Atlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS - Enrique de Malacca – (Taprobana) slave/interpreter treaty between Portugal and Spai n in 1494 in which they decided to MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE divide up all the land in the Americas between the two of them, no matter who was already living there. Pope Alexander VI, was the Pope at the time of the treaty. He drew an imaginary line 2,193 km to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. Magellan's ships entered the strait on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1520. Magellan named the strait Estrecho de Todos los Santos ("Strait of All Saints") and planted a flag to claim the land on behalf of the King of Spain. Magellan's chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, called it the Patagonian Strait, and others Victoria Strait, FERDINAND MAGELLAN commemorating the first ship that entered. A Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. - One of his main objectives was to search for a new maritime path to the Spice Islands that would not violate Spain’s Treaty with Portugal (Treaty of Tordesillas). - Left the port of Sancular de Barrameda in Seville on August 20, 1519 with around 270 men, Kinain namin ang mga biskuwit na and 5 ships (Victoria, Santiago, hindi na mga biskuwit, kung hindi Trinidad, Concepcion, San pulbos ng mga biskuwit na Antonio). umaapaw sa mga uod, sapagkat - Antonio Pigafetta – chronicler kinain na nilá ang mga ito. - Juan Sebastian Elcano – second Matapang ang sangsang nitó ng ihi in command ng mga daga.  Ininom namin ang dilaw na tubig na bulok na nang maraming araw. Kinain din namin ang ilang katad na balát ng ox na nagsisilbing bubong ng mainyard upang pigilan ang yarda sa pagkuskos sa mga shroud, at siyáng naging sobrang tigas dahil sa araw, ulan, at hangin. Ibinabad namin ang mga ito sa dagat nang apat o limang araw bago ipatong nang ilang sandali sa Sa gálit, agad na pumunta sa mga bága, at sakâ namin kakainin; pampang ang kapitán-heneral at madalas naming kainin ang kasáma ang apatnapung armadong kúsot mula sa mga tabla. tauhan na siyáng tumupok ng Ibinebenta ang mga daga sa mahigit-kumulang apatnapu o halagang kalahating ducat bawat limampung bahay kasáma ang isa, at kahit ganoon na nga ay maraming bangka at pumatay ng hindi pa rin namin silá makuha. pitóng tao. Nabawi niya ang maliit na bangka at kaagad kaming umalis na sinusundan ang parehong landas. Bago kami dumaong, nagmakaawa ang ilan sa aming mga maysakit na dalhin sa kanilá ang mga lamanloob ng sinumang laláki o babaeng papaslangin namin, nang sa gayon ay mabilis siláng Ninais ng kapitán-heneral na gagalíng. tumigil sa malaking isla upang kumuha ng sariwang pagkain, ngunit hindi niya ito magawa dahil pinasok ng mga mamamayan ng naturang isla ang mga barko at nagnakaw ng isang bagay pagkatapos ng isa kung kayâ hindi namin maipagtanggol ang aming mga sarili. Agarang ibababa na dapat ng mga tauhan ang mga layag upang makapanaog kami sa baybay, March 16, 1521 – Magellan and his crew ngunit napakahusay na ninakaw ng reached Samar but did not leave their mga katutubo mula sa amin ang ships. isang maliit na bangkang nakatali malápit sa dulo ng punòng barko. March 17, 1521 – landed on an ang mga ito sa Linggo ni San uninhabited island at the right side of Lazaro. Samar. Pigafetta described how Magellan’s ships reached what he called the Archipelago of San Lazaro, which included the islands of Zamal (Samar), Humunu, and Zuluan. MAZUA (LIMASAWA) Homonhon Island Maraming isla sa distritong iyon, at kayâ naman tinawag namin ang mga ito bílang kapuluan ni San Lazaro, sapagkat natuklasan namin  March 29, 1521 – Good Friday, Magellan was welcomed by Raja Colambu of Butuan and Calagan. March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) – celebrated mass and planted a cross to the highest summit of the island. Padre Pedro de Valderama - celebrated the mass. When Magellan and his crew recovered, they asked which port was best to get food. Cyelon (Leyte) Calagahann (Calagan) Zubu (Cebu) Largest April 14, 1521 (Sunday) - birth of Christianity. - 500 men were baptized before mass. Raja Humabon - 'Don Carlos' in honor of King Carlos (Charles) I of Spain Hara Humamay (primary wife of Humabon) - 'Doña Juana' after King Charles’ mother, Joanna of April 7, 1521 – entered the port of Zubu, Castile. welcomed by Raja Humabon In remembrance of the occasion, a large cross was erected to mark the baptismal site. Magellan also gave Doña Juana an image of the Child Jesus April 26,1521 -Zula, one of the chief of the Island of Mactan sent one of his sons to present two goats to Magellan, and to say that he would send him all he had promised, but he had not been able to send him because the other chief Cilapulapu refuse to obey the king of Spagnia (Spain). April 27, 1521 Magellan and his crew, together with some of Raja Humabon’s men, reached Matan (Mactan) 3hrs before dawn. - Magellan died during the battle. BATTLE OF MACTAN JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO May 2, 1521 – they abandoned and burned the ship Concepcion, the fleet reduced to Victoria and Trinidad fled westward to Palawan. June 21, 1521 – left Palawan and sailed to Borneo and eventually reached Moluccas Island. December 18, 1521 – they left Moluccas Island for Spain. Trinidad sprang a leak and unable to repair, was abandoned. September 6, 1522 – the Ship Victoria retuned to Spain after crossing the Indian and Atlantic Ocean. LESSON 4 THE BARANGAY CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS Started out as a single clan comprised of parents, children, HISTORICAL CONTEXT their extended family members, MIGUEL DE LOARCA and their slaves. Each barangay was independent, Relacion de las Islas although some entered into Filipinsa(1582) alliances. Described the Filipinos’ way of Alliances are formed through life in Western Visayas area. blood compact or sandugo. ANTONIO DE MORGA DATO (DATU) Sucesos se las Islas Filipinsa  Governs the barangay and captain Provides information about the of wars. state of the Philippines in the latter part of 16th century.  Obeyed and revered by the members of the barangay. FR. PEDRO CHIRINO, S.J.  Create and execute laws. Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604 FROM THE BOXER CODEX FR. FRANCISCO COLIN, S.J. Labor Evangelica, 1663 FR. FRANCISCO IGNACIO ALCINA, S.J. Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e Indio de Bisayas, 1668. FRAY JUAN DE PLACENCIA Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) Described the political, social, economic, and cultural practices of the Filipinos before they were Christianized. CAGAYAN WARRIOR SOCIAL CLASSES 1. COMMONERS OR TIMAWA CLASS Lower ranking than the Maharlika Also called Aliping namamahay. Everyday folks, forming the majority of the population. They pay taxes and served the Datu as well as the Maharlikas. They live in their own houses, and are lords of their property and gold. They are allowed to earn money but have to surrender a percentage of earnings to their masters. They cannot be slaves nor either parents nor children can be sold. They cannot be taken away from their own village and be carried with the master who is going to dwell to another village. CAGAYAN PRINCESS 2. ALIPIN OR ALIPING SAGIGILID Could not own anything. Usually captives of war or sentenced criminal. Could be bought or sold at will. Couldn’t enter into a contract or marriage. Used in sacrificial ceremonies and could be buried alive upon the death of their masters, to continue serving them in the after life. MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN Those who are maharlikas on both father’s and mother’s side continue to be so forever; if it happens they should be slaves, it is through marriage. If maharlikas (men) had children among their slaves, the children and their mothers became free. If a slave-woman is pregnant, she is compelled to give her master half of the gold tael because of her  risk of death, and for her inability If the wife, at the time of her to work during pregnancy. marriage has neither father, If two persons married, of whom mother, nor grandparents, she one was a maharlika and the other enjoys her dowry. a slave, whether namamahay or DOWRIES AND DIVORCE sagigilid, the children were divided; first, whether male or In case of a divorce before the female belonged to the father, as birth of children, if the wife left did the third and fifth; and the the husband to marry another, all second, fourth, and the sixth fell to her dowry and an equal additional the mother. amount goes to the husband; but if In this manner if the father were she left him, and did not marry free, all those belonged to him another, the dowry is returned. were free; if he were a slave all When the husband left his wife, he those who belonged to him were lost half of the dowry, and the slaves; and same applied to other half is returned to him. mother. If the husband possessed children Maharlikas could not, after at the time of his divorce, the marriage move from one village to whole dowry and fine will be another, without paying a certain given to the children, and held for fine of gold, as arranged among them by their grandparents or other them. responsible relatives. This fine is larger or smaller according to the inclination of the DOWRIES AND CONTRACT different villages, running from There are fine stipulated in the one to three taels and banquet to contract, that he who violates it the entire barangay. shall pay a certain sum which Failure to pay the fine might result varies according to the practice of in a war between the barangay the village and the affluence of the where the person left and one individual. which he entered. If upon the death of the parents, This applied equally to men and the son or daughter should be women except that when one unwilling to marry because it was married a woman of another arranged by his or her parents, the village, the children were divided dowry which the parents received equally to two barangays. is returned nothing more. DOWRIES If the parents are living, they pay a fine, because it was assumed that Dowries are given by men to is was their design to separate the women’s parents. children. If the women’s parents are living, they will enjoy the use of it. At LAWS AND PUNISHMENTS their death, provided the dowry Investigations made and sentences has not been consumed, it is passed by the datu must take place divided like the rest of the estate, in the presence of those in his equally among the children. barangay.  If any of the litigants (being sued)  “all powerful” felt himself aggrieved, an arbiter  Maker of all things (judge) is unanimously selected from another village. MAPULON (GOD OF A man of low birth who insulted SEASONS) (tagalog region) the daughter or wife of the Datu Asawa ni lakapati, itinutring will be condemned to death. siyang isa sa pinakamabait na Witches were killed, and their diwata. Kilala rin bilang diwata ng children and accomplices becomes kalusugan, minamanipula niya ang slaves of the Datu. panahon upang magpatubo ng mga All other offenses were punished halamang gamot para ibigay sa by fines in gold, which id not paid mga may sakit. in promptness, expose the culprit The god of seasons, medicine and to serve until the payment should health be made. DIAN MASALANTA (GODDES OF LOVERS, CHILDBIRTH WORSHIP OF TAGALOGS AND PEACE) PANDOT - a celebration of - Pinakamabait at mapagmahal sa mga festival or worship which is held at diyos ng langit, pinarusahan si dian the large house of the Datu. masalanta nang umibig siya sa isang SIBI - a temporary shed to shelter mortal. Ipinatapon siya sa mundo ng mga the people during worship. tao, isang parusa na labis niyang ikinasaya SOROHILE – small lamps to dahil makakasama na niya ang kanyang illuminate the sibi during worship. mahal. NAAGNITOS – the act of worshipping that unites the whole -Goddess of love, conception and barangay and families. childbirth and the protector of lovers. At the center of the house, worshippers place one large lamp LAKAPATI (HERMAPHRODITE adorned with leaves of white palm GODDESS OF FERTILITY AND wrought into many designs. AGRICULTURE)(tagalog region) They also bought together many - Kilala siya bilang pinakamabait na drums, large and small which they diwata ng mga tagalog. Tuwing panahon beat successively during the feast, ng ani, itinataas nila sa langit ang kanilang which usually lasted for four days. mga anak at nagdadasal “lakapati, pakanin TAGALOG GODS ANS DEITIES mo yaring alipin mo, huwag mong gugutumin” nang maglaon ay naging BATHALA A.K.A ABBA asawa siya ni mapulon, matapos ang “MAYKAPAL SA LAHAT” maraming taon ng panliligaw. Siya ang tagapag-likha ng mundo at tagapag-subaybay ng - identified as the most important fertility sangkatauhan. Strikto siya sa deity. The goddess of cultivated land. kanyang mga batas ngunit galante sa mga sumusunod sakanya “bahala na” ang paboritong sabihin ng mga taong asa lagi sa biyaya ni bathala. LIBULAN (GOD OF THE ANAGOLAY (GODDESS OF MOON, PATRON GOD OF LOST THINGS) (tagalog region) HOMOSEXUALITY) Ipinangalan sa kanya ang isang Ayon sa ibang kuwento, naakit ng asteroid matapos itong irekomenda kagandahan ng buwan si sidapa ng isang filipinong estudyante at (diyos ng kamatayan). Niligawan Manalo sa libo-libong pangalan na niya ito nang hindi iniisip na ipinasa ng 85 bansa sa space pareho ang kanilang kasarian. generation advisory council. Sinasabing hanggang ngayon ay DUMAKULEM (GODDESS OF magkasama pa rin sila at masayang THE MOUNTAINS) naninirahan sa Mt.Madjaas sa Kilala siya ng mga sinaunang Panay. tagalog bilang magiting na IDIANALE (GODDESS OF mangangaso. LABOR AND GOOD DEEDS) ARING SINUKUAN (SUN GOD Isa sya sa mga katulong ni bathala OF WAR AND DEATH) na nakatira sa kalangitan. Dito, (kapampangan reagion) napangasawa niya ang isa pang Naninirahan sa Mt. Arayat, siya diyos na si DUMANGAN. mismo umano ang nagturo sa mga The goddess of labor and good sinaunang Kapampangan ng deeds. Tagalog deities are fluid metalurhiya, pangangahoy, at genders, she was also known as a pagpapalay. female deity of animal husbandry, ANITO (TAGALOG ANG and a male deity of agriculture. PAMPANGA REGION) Deity of craftsmanship. Mga diwata na inatasan ni bathala ANITUN TABU (GODDESS OF na mamuhay kasama ang mga THE WIND AND RAIN) mortal. Tinatawag din na ANITON TAUO 1. LAKAMBINI (GOD PURITY) sa zambales, sinasabing dating 2. LAKAN BAKOD (LORD OF mataaas ang posisyon niya sa mga FENCES) diyos ngunit ibinaba ang kanyang 3. LAKAN DANUM (RULER OF ranggo dahil sa labis na WATERS) kayabangan. DUMANGAN (GOD OF GOOD AMAN SINAYA (GODDESS OF HARVEST) THE SEA)(tagalog region) Sa kultura ng zambales, si Karibal ni Bathala, ang pag-aaway dumangan ang dahilan ng daw nila ang dahilan ng magandang ani ng mga bigas. pagkakabuo ng ating archipelago. Asawa siya ni idianale at pareho Pinadalhan niya ng malalakas na silang nakatira sa kalangitan. alon ang diyos ng langit na BALATIC ginantihan naman nito ng pagbato the Greater Bear ng malalaking tipak ng lupa. Mula LIC-HA dito, nabuo ang ating mga isla at Images with different shapes, kabundukan, na pinalilibutan ng sometimes worshipped with little karagatan. importance. DEMIGODS (TATLONG ANAK ANCIENT TAGALOG COUNTERPART NI BATHALA SA ISANG OF HELL MORTAL) (TAGALOG SITAN (GOD OF THE LOWER REGION) WORLD) 1. MAYARI (GODDESS OF THE Pinuno ng kasamaan, ang MOON) sinaunang impyerno. Inaakit niya Worshipped the moon ang mga mortal na gumawa ng (Mayari), especially when masama, sa tulong ng kanyang it was new, which they had apat na alagad. great rejoicing ,adoring it The guardian of Kasamaan and the and bidding its welcome. keeper of all souls therein. 2. HANAN (GODDESS OF THE in a 1589 record, Sitan and Bathala MORNING) is said to have once waged a war The Sun was also with each other to determine who worshipped and is being should rule the realms intended for accounted for its beauty, ancestral souls. and it is universally MAGTATANGAL respected and honored. Shows himself at night to may 3. TALA (GODDESS OF THE persons without his head or STARS) entrails. Stars are also adored by OSUANG some, specifically Tala – A flying creature that murders men the morning star. and eat their flesh. BAKUNAWA (GIANT SEA MGA ALAGAD NI SITAN SERPENT) (VISAYAS AND 1. MANCOCOLAM OT BICOL REGION) MANGKUKULAM (MOST Sa ibang storya, mayroon tayong POWERFUL WITCH) pitong buwan noong unang The only male agent of panahon ngunit kinain ni Sitan, he was to emit fire bakunawa ang mga ito hanggang at night and when there sa isa na lang ang matira. Upang was bad weather, hence he protektahan ang mga huling is referred to as a fire god. buwan, inutusan ni bathala ang Fires caused during bad mga tao na magi-ingay gamit ang weather are associated mga kaldero at kawali upang with him or Kidlat. matakot ito. 2. MANGAGAWAY AMIHAN (DEITY OF THE (HEALER/KILLER) WIND) Witches who pretends to Isa siya sa unang tatlong nilalang heal the sick. sa mundo, kasama nina bathala at 3. MANISILAT OR aman sinaya (dagat). Sinasabing MANSISILAT wala siyang kasarian at (HOMEWRECKER) isinisimbolo ng isang gintong ibon. She was tasked to destroy and break every happy and united family that she could find.  4. HOCLOBAN VIBIT- Ghost (SHAPESHIFTER) TIGBALAANG – phantoms Could change herself into PATIANAC any form she desired. She – the lament, which can be heard at night, can kill or make people of a woman died during childbirth. She and unconscious simply by her child suffered punishment. greeting them. She could also kill someone by LESSON 5 simply raising her hand and could heal without any THE KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN difficulty as she wished. KKK (KATAASTAASANG, MANGAGAYOMA KAGALANG- GALANG NA They made charms out of herbs, KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG stones, and wood, which infuse the BAYAN) heart with love. PANATAHOJAN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Predicts the future. A seer. THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN BAYOGUIN A cotquean (masculine woman), a  Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, man whose nature inclined toward Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, that of a woman Jose Dizon, and Deodato Arellano SONAT Helps someone die.  Met secretly at a house on CATOLONAN Azcarraga (now Claro M. One of the priestess of the devil. Recto), near Elcano Street, SILANGAN Tondo, on July 7, 1892 If they saw anyone clothed in and decided to form a new white, it will tear out his liver and secret organization called eat it. Thus causing death. Katipunan. DEATH  Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the MACA Filipino propagandist and Place of another life of rest. The organized an underground “paradise” or “village of rest”. movement against Spain. Those who go to this place are the just, the valiant, and those who  This was a result of the failure of lived without doing harm, or who Reform Movement in Spain in possessed moral virtues. which Filipinos attempted to CASANAAN demand reforms for the Place of punishment, grief, and Philippines. affliction. THE KATIPUNAN Which is also called “place of anguish”. KKK was a revolutionary society No one would go to heaven, where that espoused independence and there only dwelt Bathala. freedom for the Philippines through force of arms.  Its main objective was separation The teachings are followed by a of the Philippines from Spain, at form to be filled out with name, the same time, the development of hometown, age, occupation, status, the Filipino citizens of their own and address. nation once independence was DISCOVERY achieved. Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP dela Cruz were engaged in a bitter The recruitment process of the personal dispute. Patiño deciding Katipunan followed Masonic to seek revenge, exposed the initiation rites. secrets of the Katipunan to his The new members of the society sister who was a nun, who in turn were indoctrinated with the revealed it to a Spanish priest, Katipunan rules an its teachings Father Mariano Gil. The priest that emphasized the value of love was led to the printing press of of one’s country and fellow Diario de Manila and found Filipinos. lithographic and secret documents. New members performs the LESSON 6 ancient blood compact, and signed their membership papers with their ON THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION own blood. OF 1896 AND ITS AFTERMATH The payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte (25 centavos) and a HISTORICAL CONTEXT monthly due of media real (12 CAUSES OF THE PHILIPPINE centavos). REVOLUTION KATIPUN– first grade members – Anak ng Bayan Abuses of the Spanish KAWAL– second grade members officials – GomBurZa Failure of Spain to grant BAYANI – third grade members - reforms asked by the Rizal people KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN Persecution of oppressed It was penned by Emilio Jacinto people (Pingkian), the greatest writer of Racial prejudice and the Katipunan. discrimination against the It was printed as a small pamphlet people that was distributed to the members of the Katipunan. Desire to regain Serves as a primer as the primary independence which their lessons for the members of the ancestors enjoyed. Katipunan. These teachings are expected from – The first battle of the revolution the members even after the took place in San Juan del Monte attainment of freedom from the at the dawn of August 30, 1896. colonizers.  – With less than 1,000 men, Ilocos joined the revolutionary Bonifacio attacked the Spanish cause. garrison. BONIFACIO- AGUINALDO RIVALRY – It is also know as the Battle of In the middle of revolution, a bitter Pinaglabanan. rivalry between the two leaders – The revolution spread to several developed. Luzon provinces nearby. This A split occurred in the ranks of the prompted Governor-General revolutionist, the Magdiwangs Ramon Blanco to place the first 8 and the Magadalos. provinces (Manila, Laguna, Aguinaldo’s troops gave no help to Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, the Magdiwang, in retaliation, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Bonifacio’s men did not come to Ecija) to revolt against Spain aid when Magdalo towns were under Martial Law. under attack by Spanish forces. THE RISE OF AGUINALDO TEJEROS CONVENTION With the revolutionary group led In order to unite the Katipunan in by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Cavite, the Magdalo invited province of Cavite became a Bonifacio to come to Cavite and hotbed for the revolution. agreed to form a Revolutionary He joined the Katipunan in 1894 Government (Pamahalaang and adopted the name Magdalo. Paghihimagsik) to replace the He had strings of victories starting Katipunan and continue the with the Battle of Imus. struggle. On March 22, 1897, a meeting The Magdiwang faction, led by was held in Tejeros that called for Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s the election of officers of the uncle), recognize Bonifacio as Revolutionary Government. supreme leader, being the founder. The session opened under the The Magdalo faction led by presidency of Jacinto Lumberas. Baldomero Aguinaldo After a heated discussion with the (Aguinaldo’s cousin) agitated for other members, Bonifacio Aguinaldo to be the organization’s reluctantly chaired the election. head because of his success in the Bonifacio was confident that he battle field, Bonifacio meanwhile would be elected President, called has succession of defeat. for election results to be respected. PRESIDENT : EMILIO The greatest victory of Filipino AGUINALDO arms was won by Aguinaldo in VICE PRESIDENT : Binakayan, Cavite (Battle of MARIANO TRIAS Binakayan). CAPTAIN GENERAL : It fanned the flames of revolution ARTEMIO RICARTE and thousands of patriots for SECRETARY OF WAR : Bataan, Mindoro, Zambales, and EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS  SECRETARY OF LESSON 7 INTERIOR: ANDRES DECLARATION OF BONIFACIO PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE Daniel Tirona objected the election of Bonifacio and said that HISTORICAL CONTEXT the position should be occupied by a more suitable person, a lawyer,  The first phase of Philippine specifically Jose del Rosario. Revolution ended up in a stalemate Having lost his leadership, between the Spaniards and the Bonifacio angrily walked out Filipino rebels. of the Tejeros Assembly. He  The new Governor General defies the Revolutionary Primo de Rivera even declared “ I Government which the patriots can take Biak-na-Bato, any army established by majority vote. can capture it. But I cannot end the Aguinaldo won the Rebellion.” presidency despite of being absent in the assembly, and  Lawyer Pedro Paterno was away fighting is Pasong volunteered as negotiator between Santol. the two sides. After 4 months of Having lost his leadership, negotiation, the Pact of Biak-na- Bonifacio angrily walked out Bato was signed. of the Tejeros Assembly, and  Conditions: declared the election null and void.  The surrender of Bonifacio defies the Aguinaldo and the rest of Revolutionary Government the revolutionary corps. which the patriots established by majority vote.  Amnesty for those who In a letter written by Bonifacio participated in the to Jacinto, he stated that “even revolution. before the elections were  Exile to Hong Kong for made, some of those from the revolutionary leader. Imus had secretly spread the word that it was not good for  Payment by the Spanish them to be under the government to the leadership of someone from revolutionaries: 400,000 another province. It was for pesos upon leaving the this reason Captain Aguinaldo country, 200,000 pesos was elected President”. upon the declaration of general amnesty.  Aguinaldo agreed into accord with the Spaniards, agreeing to exile in Hong Kong in exchange of 400,000 pesos. Soon as his arrival, he purchased weapons for his troops that would require to continue the struggle.  After the surrender of Aguinaldo, RENEWAL OF REVOLUTION revolutionaries were forced to Aguinaldo remained in Hong retreat into the mountains. Kong and met with the American  The truce however only lasted for consul general Rounseville a few months before it collapsed. Wildman, and paid 117,000 pesos to purchase rifles and ammunition. THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY A first shipment worth  Due to the conflict between Spain 50,000 pesos was made, and the United States, this but the other half was eventually led to Spanish- never delivered. Wildman American war, and the arrival of a never retuned the money new colonizers to the Philippines. given to him.  Even before the Battle of Manila May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo finally returned (Battle of Manila Bay), Aguinaldo to the Philippines on board the US cruiser had already been meeting with the McCulloch. Americans in Singapore. Aguinaldo conferred with Dewey  Aguinaldo talked with consul E. on the Philippine conditions and Spencer Pratt regarding US- was supplied with arms captured Filipino collaboration against from the Spaniards. Spaniards before he went back to From his headquarters in Cavite, Hong Kong to meet with Aguinaldo announced the Commodore Dewey. resumption of the revolution against the Spaniards, thus  April 25, 1898 – Commodore beginning the second phase of the Dewey commander of revolution. American Aquatic Squadron, The Filipinos immediately flocked sailed for Manila with fleet of to the province and joined the 7 ships that was based in Hong army. By the end of May, Kong. Aguinaldo was in command of  May 1, 1898 - Americans 12,000 troops. entered Manila Bay and engaged with Spanish fleet. May 24, 1898 – Aguinaldo The battle lasted for only few announced the creation of hours, with the Spanish army dictatorial government. He defeated. This is Dewey emphasized that the dictatorship already left for the Philippines was only temporary as it would be to attack the Spanish fleet a prelude to the establishment of a following the America’s republican form of government. declaration of war against May 28, 1898 – the Filipino forces Spain in April won their first victory in Alapan, Imus. The newly made Filipino flag was hoisted for the first time (Flag Day).  The republican form is one in Spread of the second phase of which the powers of sovereignty revolution to other provinces. are vested in the people and are Right to be independent and exercised by the people, either ceased any allegiance to the directly, or through representatives Spanish crown. chosen by the people, to whom those powers are specially Redemption of the country as delegated. foretold by Jose Rizal. The Philippine flag was sewn by Unjust execution of the people Marcela Marino de Agoncillo, who fought against the Spanish Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina abuses Herbosa de Natividad in Hong Kong. It was formally unfurled The Cavite Mutiny during the Proclamation of Declaring that the Nation is free Philippine Independence. and independent DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE Meaning of the Philippine Flag INDEPENDENCE The white triangle June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo declared signifying the distinctive Philippine independence from Spanish rule emblem of the famous at a ceremony in his house in Kawit, Society of the "Katipunan" Cavite. which by means of its blood compact inspired the Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista masses to rise in (penned the declaration document) revolution; read the declaration of the tree stars, signifying independence that was later signed the three principal Islands by 177 persons, including of these Archipelago - American military officers. Luzon, Mindanao, and Marcha Nacional Filipina Panay where the composed by Julian Felipe was revolutionary movement played by the Banda de San started; Francisco de Malabon and the the sun representing the Philippine flag was once again gigantic step made by the unfurled by Aguinaldo. son of the country along Contents of the declaration of the path of Progress and independence: Civilization; the eight rays, signifying Tyranny and abuses of Spaniards the eight provinces - Reason for the revolution Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Start of Spanish colonization Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declares Pact of Biak-na-Bato themselves in a state of Spanish-American War war as soon as the first revolt was initiated;  and the colors of Blue, hypocrisy of the America political Red, and White, establishment in its policy towards commemorating the flag the Philippines. of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us. LESSON 8 THE AMERICAN PERIOD POLITICAL CARTOONS  The blackboard contains the  The United States of America, lessons learned from Great Britain following Spain, occupied the on how to govern a colony and Philippines between 1899 and bring them into the civilized 1946. world, stating,  The archipelago was the largest “... By not waiting for their consent she among the territories that the US has greatly advanced the world's took over from Spain, including civilization. — The U.S. must Puerto Rico and Cuba. govern its new territories with or without their consent  In spite of the dominance of until they can govern themselves.” American imperialistic acts, the development of publishing  Veneration of Britain’s treatment industry and newspapers brought of colonies as a positive model out innovative expressions of attests to the significant shift in the protest from liberal-minded American world view given U.S. Filipinos. origins in relation to the mother country. Even the Civil War is  The period saw the rise of editorial referenced, in a wall plaque: cartoons in many news papers, magazines, and other publications, “The Confederate States refused their making caricature of the political consent to be governed; but the and social conditions of the times. Union was preserved without their consent.”  Even in the United States at the time, American satirical cartoonist  Refuting the right of indigenous were unforgiving. rule was based on demonstrating a population’s lack of preparation  Criticizing the American for self-governance. acquisition of the Philippines at the turn of the 20th century, some magazines denigrated new colony but some also exposed the The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that media in covering and reportage of places Filipino Activities, especially rebellion and insurgency, during (1) a dominant white American male the protected Philippine-American in the center, and War. For the American (2) on the fringes, an African- government, actually, what was American washing the windows transpiring then was not war but and insurgency. A Chicago Chronicle cartoon in (3) Native-American reading a primer January 1900 showed President upside down. McKinley preventing Uncle Sam (4) China, shown gripping a from reading the “Forbidden schoolbook in the doorway, has Book” about the “true history of not yet entered the scene. the war in the Philippines.” February 4, 1899, the United (5) Girls are part of the obedient older States went to war based on a false class studying books labeled claim that Filipinos began “California, Texas, New Mexico, attacking American soldiers in and Arizona.” Manila. The first shots were (6) The only non-white student in the actually fired by an older group holds the book titled American soldier as “Alaska” and is neatly coifed in Filipinos crossed a bridge, contrast to the unruly new class and historians would later made up of the “Philippines, discover a “prearranged Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba.” plan” by U.S. military to All are depicted as dark-skinned precipitate a war as soon and childish. as an incident was provoked. Misled by false reports, the Senate passed (by one vote) a treaty to annex the Philippines. President McKinley would later justify the war by claiming that God had counseled him to take the Philippines in order to civilize and Christianize the Filipinos. What was really behind the annexation was the need for overseas markets and raw materials for the American industry. THE FORBIDDEN BOOK Opposition to the war was led by the Anti-Imperialist League who It caricatures how the US military, members included many through President William prominent Americans: McKinley, banned the American  presidential candidate Owned and edited by Lope K. William Jennings Bryan, Santos, the Lipang Kalabaw of suffragist Jane Addams, 1907-09 tackled the relevant issues labor leader Samuel of politics, society, and culture of Gompers, the day. African American activist The caricatures of the famous Ida Wells Barnett, and personalities of the era made it a writer Mark Twain. very controversial magazine. The “anti-imperialists” were According to art historians, this branded as traitors by “pro- early Lipang Kalabaw caricatures expansionists” and Filipinos were were drawn by Jorge Pineda. The depicted as savages in order to de- magazine folded in 1909, as a legitimize their resistance to result of pressure from the American occupation. government. Issued – Lipang Kalabaw - festivity of the Filipinos celebrating the election of their popular candidate, Fernando Ma. Guerrero. Americans who witnessed the event were bothered by the massive show support by Filipino patriots and the singular display of “Progresista Voters”, it shows the American flag amidst banners how the Progresista Party and Philippine flags. (formerly Federalista Party that advocated for Philippine Philippine Commission passed on sisterhood under US) changed August 23, 1907 – Act No. 1696 – stance when rural voters tipped the the Flag Law – banned the public vote for the party to support display of the Philippine flag and Philippine Independence. other patriotic banners. Lipang Kalabaw is a satirical- political entertainment weekly Tagalog magazine that circulated in the Philippines in three different periods: 1907-1909, 1922-24, and 1947-48.  The first Independence Mission submitted a memorial to both houses of the US Congress requesting America to grant independence to the Philippines because the Filipinos were certainly ready for it. HARE-HAWES-CUTTING ACT The first US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but Issued – Lipang Kalabaw – July 27, 1907 – reserved military and naval bases Philippine Assembly candidate Dominador for the Unites States as well as Gomez delivering a final blow to the imposing tariffs and quotas on crucified freedom fighters, he was blamed Philippine exports. for the deaths of the freedom fighters and It was passed by the US Congress believed he betrayed the Filipino rebels to on December 1932, but was vetoed the Americans. by US President Herbert Hoover. CAMPAIGN FOR PHILIPPINE Congress then overrode the veto INDEPENDENCE on January 17, 1933. Senate President Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. The Philippine Senate advocated a new bill that won the support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The result was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934. TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT It provided for the drafting of guidelines of the Constitution for a 10-year “transition period” which became the Commonwealth of the Philippines before granting of Philippine Independence. The US will maintain military forces in the Philippines, furthermore, during this period, the American President was granted the power to call military service to all military forces in the February 23, 1919 – Then Senate Philippine government. President Manuel L. Quezon headed the It permitted the maintenance of US First Independence Mission, left Manila naval bases, within this region, for for United States. two years after independence.  The act classified all Filipinos that losing the mandate of the Filipino were living in the United States as people, Marcos announced on aliens for the purpose of American and local television that immigration to America. he would hold a snap presidential Filipinos were no longer allowed election. to work legally in the US, and a  February 7, 1986 – snap quota of 50 immigrants per year presidential election happened. was established.  Corazon “Cory” C. Aquino - LESSON 9 President SPEECH OF PRES. CORAZON C.  Salvador “Doy” Laurel - Vice AQUINO President. BEFORE THE JOINT SESSION OF THE  There was a rampant cheating and UNITED STATES CONGRESS violence during the election that HISTORICAL CONTEXT resulted in numerous casualties.  Proclamation no. 1081 – the  The official election canvasser formal document which contained Commission on Elections proclamation of martial law in the (COMELEC), declared Marcos as Philippines by President Ferdinand the winner, on the other hand, the Marcos, that was signed on final tally of the National September 23, 1972, and was Movement for Free Election announced to the public on (NAMFREL) had Aquino September 21, 1972. winning.  The gradual downfall of the  This electoral exercise was marred dictatorial regime of President by widespread reports of violence Marcos began with the and tampering of election results, assassination of his political rival, culminating the walkout of 29 former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” COMELEC computer technicians Aquino, Jr. on August 21, 1983. to protest deliberate manipulation of the official election results on  The murder of Ninoy set in motion favor of Marcos. a series of events that destabilized the Marcos administration.  The walkout was considered as one of the early “sparks” of the  Protest and rallies erupted in the People Power Revolution. streets of Manila and other major cities in the provinces calling  February 22, 1986 Marcos to resign. Defense Minister Juan  Philippine economy began to falter Ponce Enrile and Vice- amidst the accusations of Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. corruption by Marcos and his Fidel V. Ramos resigned cronies. their post on Marcos’ cabinet and are  Following the opinion by the US withdrawing their support government that he (Marcos) was from his government.  A message from Archbishop Sin aired over Radio Veritas (Radyo Bandido) asking Filipinos to come to the aid of the rebel leaders by going to EDSA, between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo.  February 25, 1986 Corazon C. Aquino was inaugurated as President of the Philippines at the Club Filipino in Green Hills. ABOUT THE SPEECH The invitation to speak before the joint session of the US congress was extended to President Aquino seven months after she assumed office – September 18, 1986. Cory’s Executive Secretary Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin, Jr. partially wrote her speech. The speech gave credence to the People Power Revolution not only to the Americans but to the world – that change was possible through peaceful means. Five hours later, the House of Representative voted, 203 to 197, in favor of $200 million as emergency aid for the Philippines.