Readings in Philippine History PDF

Readings in Philippine History MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY Outline: ◼ Meaning of History ◼ Sources of History ◼ General Kinds of Historical Sources ◼ Historical Criticism ◼ Colonial Historiography ◼ Philippine Historiography After World War II ◼ Characteristics of Contemporary Philippine Hi...

Readings in Philippine History MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY Outline: ◼ Meaning of History ◼ Sources of History ◼ General Kinds of Historical Sources ◼ Historical Criticism ◼ Colonial Historiography ◼ Philippine Historiography After World War II ◼ Characteristics of Contemporary Philippine Historiography ◼ “In order to know the destiny of the people, it is necessary to open the book of its past.” - Jose Rizal (The Philippines A Century Hence)  MEANING OF HISTORY ◼ study of past events presented in chronological order and with explanation ◼ sanaysay na may saysay ◼ kwento na may kwenta ▪ Historians - Individuals who write about history ▪ Historiography - the practice of historical writing Historiography Sources of History Lesson Navigator SOURCES OF HISTORY Classified into two: 1. Primary Sources 2. Secondary Sources Another type of classification are: 1. written and non-written 2. published or unpublished 3. textual, oral or visual sources 1. Primary Sources – testimony of an eyewitness ❑ they are either participants or witnesses ❑ It must have been produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History) Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of whether they are available in original format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published format(http://www.yale.edu/collections_collaborative/pri marysources/primarysources.html) These sources range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, and official documents (government or private) and even photographs  GENERAL KINDS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES 2. Secondary Sources ◼ interpret and analyze primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. (http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html)  HISTORICAL CRITICISM ◼ Examples of Secondary Sources ◼ History textbook ◼ Printed materials (serials, periodicals which interprets previous research)  HISTORICAL CRITICISM ◼ Practical Example/Worksheet Topic: Tejeros Convention ◼ Primary Source: Santiago Alvarez’ account ◼ Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses  SOURCES OF HISTORY a. Documents ❑ Published materials ✔ Books, magazines, journals, ✔ Travelogue ✔ transcription of speech ❑ Unpublished materials - any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed ✔ Manuscript ✔ Archival materials ✔ Memoirs, diary b. Archaeological Records ❑ Fossils ❑ artifacts c. Oral and Video Accounts  SOURCES OF HISTORY a. Documents  SOURCES OF HISTORY ❑ Published materials ✔ Books, magazines, journals, ✔ Travelogue ✔ transcription of speech ❑ Unpublished materials - any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed ✔ Manuscript ✔ Archival materials ✔ Memoirs, diary  SOURCES OF HISTORY b. Archaeological Records ◼Fossils ◼artifacts  SOURCES OF HISTORY c. Oral and Video Accounts  Four examples of primary sources related to visual imagery are the following: 1. Maps 1. Photographs 1. Sketches, Drawings, Paintings 1. Cartoons Maps ◼ generally used to indicate locations as well as topography ◼ reveals how space and geography were being used to emphasize trade routes, travel routes, structural build up, etc. 17th Century Map of the Taal Lake area in Batangas Sketches and drawings that may indicate the conditions of life of the past societies Cartoons for political expression or propaganda also indicates the temper of the times. Paintings and other art works ◼ Paintings and other art works are visual representations based on the artist’s expression or interpretation of events and ideas. These become useful historical sources when we have to know or understand the context of the period in which they are made. Photographs ◼ Photographs reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life. ◼ It also gives us visual ideas of places, historical events as well as people. Objects and Artifacts The Manunggul Jar - recovered at Manunggul Cave in Palawan. - an elaborately designed burial jar with anthropomorphic figures on top of the cover that represent souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat. -The Manunggul jar was declared a National Cultural Treasure. Callao Man (67,000 years old) The latest discovery of what is now considered the oldest human fossil remains found in the Philippines. Discovered in 2007 at the Callao Caves in Penablanca, Cagayan Valley. Photo shows the remains of the foot bone found in the cave excavations. Calatagan, Batangas Excavated by Dr. Robert Fox in 1958, the burial site of Calatagan yielded 505 burials and 521 associated ceramics, porcelains and stoneware jars from China, Thailand, and Vietnam, as well as hundreds of local earthenware and iron tools. The Asian tradeware ceramics of the site date to the early to mid-Ming Dynasty (14th-15th centuries AD). Document written in baybayin Philippine Social Life 19th century photograph showing women vendors in a public market. Events Personalities Historic Structures ◼ Quiapo Church UST Main Building  HISTORICAL CRITICISM In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be settled ▪ External Criticism ▪ Internal Criticism  What is External Criticism? What is External Criticism? ◼ The problem of authenticity ◼ To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents ◼ To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation  TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY 1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th century 2. Determine the author e.g. handwriting, signature, seal (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)  TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY 3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom, ortography, punctuation 4. Anachronistic reference to events e.g. too early, too. late, too remote 5. Provenance or custody e.g. determines its genuineness (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)  TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY 6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word 7. Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)  What is Internal Criticism? ❑ The Problem of Credibility - Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible? ❑ Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available sources (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)  TESTS OF CREDIBILITY 1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his reliability; mental processes, personal attitudes 2. Determination of the approximate date e.g. handwriting, signature, seal (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)  TESTS OF CREDIBILITY 3. Ability to tell the truth e.g. nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of attention 4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if the author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)  TESTS OF CREDIBILITY 5. Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History) How History is made? ◼ Historians attempt to understand the past ◼ Historians attempt to understand the past based on evidence ◼ Historical evidence that comes directly from society is called primary source. ◼ Historians interpret the primary source to decide what they actually tell us about the past How History is made? ◼ Interpretation: The process of deciding on the meaning of a historical source ◼ Based on these interpretations, historians attempt to create a narrative (a story)about what happened in the past ◼ Historical narratives and interpretations are known as secondary sources.  Historians External Criticism Primary Sources (D,AR,OV) Internal Criticism Secondary Historiography Sources  Colonial Historiography Lesson Navigator  COLONIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY ▪ period of darkness or backwardness ◼ period of advancement or enlightenment ◼ Spaniards - “barbaric” lifeways ◼ Americans - “civilized lifestyle” ◼ Jose Rizal - annotated Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  COLONIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY ▪ Filipinos perception about their colonial past: maltreated by the “wicked Spain” and rescued by the “benevolent America”  Philippine Historiography After World War II Lesson Navigator PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY AFTER WORLD WAR II ▪ Teodoro Agoncillo ▪ pioneered nationalist historiography in the country by highlighting the role of the Filipino reformists and revolutionaries from 1872 ▪ “lost history” PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY AFTER WORLD WAR II ▪ Renato Constantino ▪ “people’s history” PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY AFTER WORLD WAR II ▪ Zeus Salazar ▪ “Pantayong Pananaw” PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY AFTER WORLD WAR II ▪ Reynaldo Ileto ▪ “history from below” PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY AFTER WORLD WAR II ▪ Samuel Tan ▪ mainstreamed the role and relevance of Filipino Muslims in the country’s national history Characterictis of Contemporary Philippine Historiography Lesson Navigator  Characteristics of Contemporary Philippine Historiography ▪ Colonial Histories ▪ Emphasis on Lowland Christianized Filipinos ▪ Political Narratives ▪ Patriarchal Orientation ▪ Elite-centric Perspectives  Link it! Search the internet for online archives and libraries on Philippine history and culture. Explore ways of getting historical information from varied digital sources. Present your findings in a powerpoint presentation with profiles of web sites detailing their collection of sources and providing important information on how to access their files.  Bring it on! 1. What are the benefits of using primary sources? 2. Why do you think most history textbooks are secondary sources? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of accessing online primary sources? 4. What are the challenges of understanding our country’s past mindful of the problems that characterize the writing of our national history?  Level up! 1. You work as part of a research team at the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. The team is composed of four to five researchers who will take part in an annual conference of Filipino historians aimed to analyze the country’s national symbols utilizing primary sources. Your group should be able to explain the meaning of the different symbols and colors of the Philippine flag by showing excerpts of the English translation of the country’s declarations of independence originally written in Spanish. Then you are to compare and contrast the past and present meanings that we attach to the symbols and colors of the Philippine flag. Your presentation will be graded based on accuracy of information and flow of presentation.  Level up! 2. You work at a broadcasting company. Your station manager has selected you to annotate for a video highlighting the recollection of veterans during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos. You have to conduct an interview or a series of interviews with an individual or group of individuals who were witnesses to the changes in Philippine society between 1965 and 1986. Write your script for a three-minute video presentation. Your presentation will be graded based on its content, creativity, and impact.  Level up! 3. You have been assigned to write a brief history about your family, organization, school, or village. The objective of the project is to examine the available primary documents such as letters, minutes of the meeting, pictures, and other memorabilia that you can use in making a historical account. It is important to identify and explain the turning points or highlights of your historical narrative. Your paper will be graded based on extensiveness of the primary documents to be utilized and organization of the historical account. Thank you!