Readings in Philippine History GEC 102 PDF

Readings in Philippine History GEC 102 Retrieved from https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/1 543427101508108288 Retrieved from https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/1 543427101508108288 Another public historian, Xiao Chua, said that history is “evidence-based.” “History c...

Readings in Philippine History GEC 102 Retrieved from https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/1 543427101508108288 Retrieved from https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/1 543427101508108288 Another public historian, Xiao Chua, said that history is “evidence-based.” “History can also be opinion. Puwede ‘yon, pero may nakakalimutan. At ‘yung nakalimutan, ‘yun ‘yung pinaka-importante. Ano ‘yun? ‘Yun “And because history is ‘yung metodo. Method,” evidence-based, that’s why hindi puwedeng chismis. Kapag na-verify na ‘yung chismis, hindi na siya chismis. Ganon ho ‘yon. So ‘yung ginagawang metodo, ‘yun po ‘yung verification.”  Historian Alvin Campomanes also disagreed “Kabilang sa mga hakbang with Ella and said that history cannot be equated to gossip. nito ang pagpili ng paksa, pangangalap ng mga batis, Campomanes added that kritisismo ng mga batis, at history, having programs in the academe, indicates it is a sintesis. Napakahalagang discipline. He referred to hakbang ng kritisismo ng individuals majoring in mga batis”. history during their baccalaureate studies, graduate studies and doctoral studies as proof. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/1543427101508108288  For history professor Jose Victor Torres, there is such a thing as “historical gossip” but added that “it is not the entire lesson of history.” “One thing I sometimes explain is that the ‘Tsismis’ shows the generations of Filipinos how human our historical figures are. BUT IT IS NOT THE ENTIRE LESSON OF HISTORY. AND SOME OF THESE RUMORS ARE LIES (LET US NOT FORGET THAT),” he said on a Facebook post. History major student Flory Joy Alvarez also gave her two cents on the discussion and said they do not go to campus and talk about gossip. “We study really hard everyday thru reading and authenticating data to give the rightful information and preserve history,” she wrote in a viral tweet. Comments were Retrieved from https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2022/07/04/221191/not-chismis-how-historians-define-history-after-ella-cruz-likened-it-to-gossip/  History ❖ the study of the past particularly the human past ❖ from the Greek word “historia”, meaning learning by inquiry. ❖ a chronological record of the significant events that transpired in the past ❖ Tale, Story ❖ a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes ❖ a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events (Merriam - Webster definition) HISTORIOGRAPHY ◈ history of history ◈ the writing of history, based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. https://www.britannica.com/topic/historiography Two Approaches of Presenting History ❖ Factual History (emphasis on the who, what when and where) e.g. The Katipunan (KKK) was established in Azcarraga St.(now Claro M. Recto, Manila) by Andres Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Jose Dizon, and a few others. Two Approaches of Presenting History ❖ Speculative History (attempts to get the truth and demand explanation about the origin of things or events/answers the questions of subjectivity as to “how” and “why” events happen or exist) e.g. The Katipunan was organized to end the Filipino slavery from the Spanish colonial government. Or To gain freedom from the Spanish Conquistadores.  Theories on the Development of History There were five sorts of explanation predominant among the Greek thinkers: ❖ The Great God Theory. The most primitive attempts to explain the origin and development of the world and man are the creation myths to be found among preliterate peoples. ❖ The Great Man Theory. The Great Man theory emerged from a dissociation of the dual components of the Great God theory. The immense powers attributed to the gods become transferred to and concentrated in some figure at the head of the state, the church or other key institution or movement.  Theories on the Development of History There were five sorts of explanation predominant among the Greek thinkers: ❖ The Great Mind Theory. The Greek Anaxagoras said: “Reason (Nous ) governs the world.” Aristotle held that the prime mover of the universe and thereby the ultimate animator of everything within it was God, who was defined as pure mind engaged in thinking about itself. ❖ The Best People Theory. All such interpretations contain infusions of the prejudice that some elite, the Best Race, the favored nation, the ruling class alone make history. ❖ The Human Nature Theory. Most persistent is the view that history in the last analysis has been determined by the qualities of human nature, good or bad. In the study of Philippine history, sources are called “batis”, a spring of historical information – usually archival documents Historians uses 2 TYPES OF SOURCES to uncover the past PRIMARY SOURCES - considered the lifeblood of history. These sources directly talks about the subject matter. (Viana, 2015) - accounts of people who are direct participants or eyewitness to an event - sources produced at the same time as the event, period or subject being studied e.g. Minutes of the meetings, autobiographies, letters Letter of Rizal to his sister Maria SECONDARY SOURCES – are documents or works made by individuals who are not directly involved to the events or made by people who obtained the information from somebody else or from primary sources e.g. Textbooks, Magazine articles ❖ General References – points the reader to the primary or secondary sources e.g. Card Catalogue, Stubs (internet related program) Classify the Following Sources of History to Primary and Secondary Sources Primary Sources Secondary Sources ◈ Birth and Death Certificates ◈ Title Deeds ◈ Marriage Certificates ◈ Surveyors Notes ◈ Directories ◈ School Records ◈ Church Records ◈ Government Records ◈ Letters and Diaries ◈ Business Records ◈ Local Newspapers Internal and External Criticism ◈ All sources of historical data must be subjected to rigorous scientific analysis to determine both their authenticity and their accuracy. ◈ Historical data must be subjected to external and internal criticism (Gottchalk, 1969) EXTERNAL CRITICISM ✔ Establishment of authenticity, it is to ensure that the documents are not mere forgeries or inventions. ✔ Applies "science to a document." It involves such physical and technical tests as dating of paper a document is written on, but it also involves a knowledge of when certain things existed or were possible, e.g. when zip codes were invented.(http://vccslitonline.vccs.edu/mrcte/intextcr.htm) ✔ The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristic; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for evidence. Examples of questions asked in External Criticisms Internal Criticism ✔ Establishment of accuracy and the worth of data looks within the data itself to try to determine truth--facts and "reasonable" interpretation. (http://vccslitonline.vccs.edu/mrcte/intextcr.htm) Internal Criticism Please click the link for a short video on a process of document examination. ◈ https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/ document-examination/  Did young Rizal really write poem for children? By: Ambeth R. Ocampo - @inquirerdotnet Philippine Daily Inquirer / 02:53 AM August 22, 2011 Who wrote the article? An expert, a journalist, an eyewitness to an event? Why was the article written? In response to a current event, to spread news, to share an opinion? When was the article published? Was the article published before or after the event it discusses? ❖ (born August 13, 1961) is a Filipino historian, academic, journalist, former cultural administrator and author best known for his writings about Philippines' national hero José Rizal and for Looking Back, his bi-weekly editorial page column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer. He served as the Chairman of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2002-2011) and concurrently Chairman of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts in (2005-2007) Info Retrieved from https://ateneo.edu/ls/soss/history/faculty/ocampo-ambeth-r  Sa Aking Mga Kabata ◈ Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit, sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapit katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid. ◈ Pagkat ang salita'y isang kahatulan sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian, at ang isang tao'y katulad, kabagay ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan. ◈ Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda, kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa na tulad sa isang tunay na nagpala.  External And Internal Criticisms of “Sa Aking Kabata” by Jose Rizal by Ambeth Ocampo No original manuscript, in Rizal’s own hand exists for “Sa Aking Mga Kabata,” traditionally believed to be his first poem. Rizal had 35 years to publish or assert authorship. He did not. The poem was published posthumously, a decade after his execution, as an appendix to “Kun sino ang kumatha ng ‘Florante: Kasaysayan ng Buhay ni Francisco Baltazar’ at pag-uulat nang kanyang karununga’t kadakilaan” (Manila: Libreria Manila-Filatelico, 1906.) by the poet Herminigildo Cruz The poem could not have been written in 1869 when Rizal was eight based on the use of the letter “k,” which was a reform in Tagalog orthography proposed by the mature Rizal. In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a “c” rather than “k.” Further, the word “kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice. First, in the third line of the first stanza, there is mention of sanlang kalayaan (pawned freedom). These two references ring a bell because kalayaan as we know it today was not widely used in the 19th century. As a matter of fact, Rizal encountered the word first in the summer of 1882 when he was 21 years old! SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES ◈ National Archives of the Philippines 1153 Cristobal Street, Paco , Manila 1007 ◈ National Library of the Philippines T.M. Kalaw St., Ermita, Manila, Philippines 1000 Serves as the country’s premier repository of printed and recorded materials which reflect the intellectual, literary and cultural heritage of the Philippines as well as the knowledge and wisdom of peoples elsewhere in the world. National Historical Commission of the Philippines The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) was created in 1972 initially as the National Historical Institute to integrate the diverse functions of various historical agencies. NHCP now, by virtue of R.A.10086, is responsible for the conservation and preservation of the country’s historical legacies. Its major thrusts encompass an ambitious cultural program on historical studies, curatorial works, architectural conservation, Philippine heraldry, historical information dissemination activities, restoration and preservation of relics and memorabilia of heroes and other renowned Filipinos. National Historical Commission of the Philippines Bldg., T.M. Kalaw St., Manila, 1000 National Museum of the Philippines ◈ The National Museum, a Trust of the Government, is an educational, scientific and cultural institution that acquires, documents, preserves, exhibits, and fosters scholarly study and public appreciation of works of art, specimens, and cultural and historical artifacts representative of our unique to the cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the Philippines. ◈ Permanent collections: arts, archaeology, ethnology, natural history, paintings and sculpture. ◈ Padre Burgos Drive, City of Manila, Philippines U.P. main Library The University Library Diliman encompasses one Main Library and more than 40 College/Unit Libraries. It envisions global information exchange throughout the UP Library System. It is mandated to be the information resource center of excellence in the social sciences, humanities and basic sciences. It strives for full automation, a world-class collection and a staff of thoroughly modern information professionals. ADMU Rizal Library DLSU Library ◈ The history of the DLSU Library can be traced back to July 1956 when the collegiate collection of the combined High School and College Libraries was transferred to the College building known as St. Joseph Hall. Located in the first two floors of this hall, it started operation with barely 10,000 book collection and a reading area of 100 seating capacity.  UST Library ◈ The UST Miguel de Benavides Library is housed in a six-storey building along Alberto Drive of the UST campus facing Dapitan Street. it has sixteen sections and five branch libraries which are located in different buildings inside the university. National Archives and Record Administration PPL Building, United Nations Avenue, Corner San Marcelino St. 100 Manila ◈ The museum houses an impressive collection of Iloilo’s cultural heritage which includes stone age native pottery; fossils; jewelry; burial sites; trade pottery from China , Annam and Siam; era photos. Mementos and war relics; a British sunken ship; Spanish-era Filipino sculpture; and modern art done by Ilonggo artists and craftsmen. Retrieved from https://www.exploreiloilo.com/do/info/museo-iloilo/ In Iloilo, the Elizalde Building, formerly known as the Commission on Audit (COA) Building is The Museum of Philippine Economic History and boasts hundred decades-old artifacts and items on display, including the following: ✔ old San Miguel beer bottles from the Ynchausti clan ✔ Molinodesangre, which was a very important tool in the Western Visayas region’s sugar industry ✔ decades-old gold, necklace and other accessories from Pampanga ✔ looms from the oldest weavers of Miag-ao in Iloilo, then known as the Textile Capital of the Philippines Retrieved from ✔ T’nalak from Mindanao https://www.panaynews.net/museum-of-ph-economic-h ✔ old photographs, maps, train wheels, plates; and istory-opens-in-iloilo-city/ many others PHILIPPINE HISTORICAL PERIODIZATION PHILIPPINE HISTORICAL PERIODIZATION A hydrographical and chorographical chart of the Philippines, drawn by the Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753) and published in Manila in 1734 1521 – 1565 – Expeditions Ferdinand Magellan was the first European recorded to have landed in the Philippines. He arrived in March 1521 during his circumnavigation of the globe. Following several more Spanish expeditions, the first permanent settlement was established in Cebu in 1565. Subsequent Expeditions: Garcia Joefre de Loaisa – 1525 Sebastian Cabot - 1526 Alvaro de Saadvedra - 1527 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos - 1542 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi - 1564 1565 – 1599 – Establishment of the Spanish Colony by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi until the Referendum of 1599 From Cebu, Legaspi expanded Spanish rule across the Philippines, taking possession of Manila for Spain in 1571 -1599, Spain could be said to have established legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines. 1599 – 1719 – Frailocracy – the invisible government that existed in Spanish Philippines, the Spanish friars were so influential and powerful that they practically ruled the Philippines. 1719 – 1745 – Agrarian Revolt - Between 1745 to 1746. Filipino landowners in the four provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite and Laguna revolted against the Spanish rule. Their revolt was due to the land grabbing by Spaniards who took over their ancestral lands. 1745 – 1841 – Confradia Revolt - This was the revolt for religious freedom in the Tagalog provinces in 1840 – 41. It was led by Apolinario dela Cruz, popularly known as “Hermano Puli”, of Barrio Pandak, Lukban, Tayabas (Quezon). (Apolinario started his own religion in Lucban in June 1840. It was called the Confradia de San Jose (Confraternity of St. Joseph). They had their own rituals, prayers and leaders especially suited for Filipinos. But the Spanish officials did not allow any other religion nut Catholic one. So they banned Hermano Puli’s new religion.) 1841 – 1872 – GOMBURZA – On February 17, 1872, the three martyred Priests, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, better known for the acronym GOMBURZA, were executed by garrote by the Spaniards in Bagumbayan in connection with the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. The three priests incurred the hatred of the Spanish authorities for leading the campaign against the abusive Spanish friars and fighting for equal rights among priests. They fought on unresolved issues about secularization in the Philippines that resulted in a conflict among the religious regulars and the church seculars. Their execution left a profound effect on many Filipinos, including Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero, who dedicated his novel Noli Me Tangere to their memory. 1872 – 1898 – Declaration of Philippine Independence In 1872, the government of the succeeding governor-general, Rafael de Izquierdo, experienced the uprising of Filipino soldiers at the Fort San Felipe arsenal in Cavite el Viejo. Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: José Burgos, Mariano Gómez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who were hanged by Spanish authorities in Bagumbayan. Their execution had a profound effect on many Filipinos; José Rizal, the national hero, would dedicate his novel El filibusterismo to their memory. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial secret organization. The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which also ended the Spanish–American War. In the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them. ◈ January 4, 1899 – Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines – US declaration of its intention to impose sovereignty over the Philippines ◈ 1899 – 1901 – The First Philippine Republic On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos with Aguinaldo as its first President. It ended on April 1, 1901 when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the Americans. ◈ February 4, 1899 – outbreak of the Filipino – American War ◈ July 4, 1902 – The Philippine American War (referred to by the Americans as Philippine Insurrection) was declared over by American Pres. Theodore Roosevelt. https : 2.co //www.f m/be ili nevo pinoame lenta ri ssim canwar1 ilatio 8 n.htm 99190 ◈ 1899 – 1948 – American Period in the Philippines ◈ 1935 – 1946 - The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for a ten-year transition period to independence, during which the Commonwealth of the Philippines would be established. The commonwealth would have its own constitution and would be self-governing, although foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States. Laws passed by the legislature affecting immigration, foreign trade, and the currency system had to be approved by the United States president. (http://countrystudies.us/philippines/20.htm) ◈ 1942-1945 - Japanese occupation On December 8, 1941 four hours after the surprise attack of Japan to the American naval base in Pearl Harbor, Japan bombed Davao, Tuguegarao, Iba, Zambales, Pampanga and Tarlac. On January 3, 1942, Japan’s military announced the end of the American sovereignty in the Philippines. On August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered to the Americans after the atomic bombs were dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ◈ 1945 – (June 9) With the nullification of all acts of the Second Republic, President Osmeña convened the Congress, elected in November 11, 1941. ◈ 1946 – 2023 – The Republican Years The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. The inauguration of the Third Republic marked the fulfillment of the long struggle for independence that began with the Philippine Revolution on August 23, 1896 (recent scholarship suggests, on August 24) and which was formalized on June 12, 1898 with the Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite. The Third Republic also marked the recognition by the global community of nations, of the nationhood of the Philippines—a process that began when the Commonwealth of the Philippines joined the Anti-Axis Alliance known as the United Nations on June 14, 1942, receiving recognition as an Allied nation even before independence. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third-republic/#:~:text=The%20Third%20Republic%20also%20marked,an%20Alli ed%20nation%20even%20before  Prepared by EMVH LAED Information and images in this presentation were retrieved from various books and internet sources.