Chapter 1-Introduction to organic chemistry.pdf

Organic chemistry and biochemistry Bashayer Alrashidi PAAET College of Nursing Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA  Organic chemistry is the study of Chapter 1: structure, properties and reactions Introduction of organic compounds. to...

Organic chemistry and biochemistry Bashayer Alrashidi PAAET College of Nursing Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA  Organic chemistry is the study of Chapter 1: structure, properties and reactions Introduction of organic compounds. to organic Organic compound: a compound chemistry whose molecule contains a carbon atom. Chapter 1: Introduction to organic chemistry Organic compounds: -Compounds whose molecules contain carbon. -Synthesized in the living systems (human body, plants, animals). -Contain covalent bond like C-C and C-H (non-polar) so they are insoluble in water. Inorganic compounds: -Compounds that lack carbon. -Can not be synthesized in the body. -They contain ionic bonds (polar) so they are soluble in water  Hydcrocarbons The simplest organic compounds which are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. For example methane CH4. Note: carbon atoms should be attached to 4 hydrogen atoms. Organic (hydrocarbon) molecule can be: 1) Straight Length of hydrocarbon chain or Molecular weight (Mwt): Melting point Boiling point Butane 2) Branched 3) Form a ring Cyclobutane Expand and condensed structure of hydrocarbon CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ Example: Write the condense structure formula of 2-methylpentane CH₃ CH₃-CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃  Hydrocarbons Families of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are organic compounds contain H and C Aromatic hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons ( has benzene ring) (do not have benzene ring) C₆H₆  Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Saturated Unsaturated Alkane Single bond ( ) CnH2n+2 , n = no. of carbon atoms Alkene Alkyne CH₄ Double bond ( = ) Triple bond ( = ) C₂H₆ CnH2n CnH2n-2 C₃H₈ C₃H₆ C₃H4 C₄H₁₀ C₄H₈ C₄H6  ‫‪Naming Hydrocarbons‬‬ ‫‪1C meth‬‬ ‫التسميه‪:‬‬ ‫‪2C eth‬‬ ‫اوال‪ :‬ترقيم أطول سلسله‬ ‫‪3C prop‬‬ ‫ثانيا‪ :‬الترقيم بحيث أول تفرع يأخذ أقل‪.‬‬ ‫‪4C But‬‬ ‫ثالثا‪ :‬ترتيب التفرعات ترتيب هجائي و يكتب قبل اإلسم‬ ‫‪5C pent‬‬ ‫المطول للمركب‪(Bromo, Chloro, ethyl, methyl( :‬‬ ‫‪6C hex‬‬ ‫رابعا ‪ :‬الفروع المتكرره تكتب‪:‬‬ ‫‪7C hept‬‬ ‫‪Di, Tri, Tetra, penta‬‬ ‫‪8C oct‬‬ ‫‪9C non‬‬ ‫‪10 Dec‬‬  Br Cl CH₃ CH₃-C-CH-CH-CH-CH₂-CH₃ 2-bromo-3-chloro-4-methyl heptane  Isomers - Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but they differ in: 1) Structural isomers: differ in the arrangement of carbon atoms C-C-C-C C-C-C C₄H₁₀ C 2) Positional isomers : differ in the position of a) Double bond 1-butene 2-butene b) Triple bond C) Halogen ( F, Cl, Br, I) Br Br E) Functional group OH OH 3) Functional isomers: Same molecular formula but differ in functional group C₂H₆O CH₃OCH₃ CH₃CH₂OH Ether Alcohol 4) Geomeric Isomers: occur in cyclic compounds and around double bonds CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C=C Cis H H CH₃ Trans CH₃  Reactions of Hydrocarbon Only Unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene and alkyne) react by addition. Addition reactions of alkene: CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ CH₂-CH₂ Br Br CH₃CH=CH₂ + HBr CH₃-CH-CH₃ Br CH₃CH=CH₂ + H₂O CH₃-CH-CH₃ OH