MC2 Biochemistry PDF

MC2 – Biochemistry Different Organic Compounds Organic Chemistry - The study of the chemistry of carbon compounds Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other element Eth – two carbon atom...

MC2 – Biochemistry Different Organic Compounds Organic Chemistry - The study of the chemistry of carbon compounds Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other element Eth – two carbon atoms - Carbon atoms bond reasonably strong with other carbon atoms - Ethane – an alkane with two carbon atoms - Bonds reasonably strong with atoms of other - C2H6 elements - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms - Make a large number of covalent bonds (4) Hydrocarbons - Simplest organic compound - Carbon atom + hydrogen atom - Molecular formula o CxHy - Highly combustible - Main energy source of the world Prop – three carbon atoms o Gasoline, jet fuel, propane, kerosene, - Propane – an alkane with three carbon atoms diesel - C3H8 Types of Hydrocarbons - 3 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms - Aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkenes o Alkanes - Have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds o Alkenes o C=C o Alkynes - Same as alkanes but ends with -ene - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Ethene is Ethylene o Benzene - Propene is Propylene Alkanes Alkynes - Saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds - Hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon triple bond between carbon atoms o C≡C - Appears as a chain (straight or branched) of carbon - Same as alkanes but ends with -yne atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms - Ethyne is Acetylene - Each alkane has a characteristic name o Systematic name depending on the Aromatic Hydrocarbons number of carbon atoms in the chain o A stem indicating the number of carbon - One of the three classes of compounds found in atoms in the chain petroleum o Ending in -ane - Less abundant that alkanes - Quite important commercially Meth – one carbon atom - Most aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring o Methane – an alkane with one carbon o C6H6 atom o Contains a flat ring of 6 carbon atoms o CH4 o Bonds are intermediate in character o One carbon atom, four hydrogen atoms between single and double bonds Sabrina Ofianga  Functional Groups - Specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds - Imparts characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule - Carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds !!! - Benzene - Alkanes have NO functional group; mostly inert or - Six carbon atoms ( C ) are arranged in a hexagonal unreactive structure - A carbon-carbon double bond is considered a - Each carbon atom ( C ) is connected to one functional group hydrogen atom ( H ) branching outward from the o It reacts in specific ways that differ from hexagon alkanes - A circle is present in the center of the hexagon o Alkenes (double bonds) can react with representing delocalized electrons water under certain conditions - A carbon-carbon triple bond also undergoes specific chemical reactions Alcohol - A compound in which a functional OH (hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen molecule - Named by using the parent hydrocarbon name o Final -e is changed into -ol Uses of Aromatic Hydrocarbons o Methane > Methanol o Ethane > Ethanol - Chlorophyll o green pigment in plants consists of aromatic hydrocarbons and plays a vital role in photosynthesis - Nucleic Acids and Amino Acids o Essential molecules in the human body that contain aromatic hydrocarbons - Methylbenzene o AKA Toluene o Used as solvent in model glues - Naphthalene o Key ingredient in the production of mothballs - Synthesis of Drugs, Dyes, Explosives o Aromatic hydrocarbons are crucial for - Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is found in alcoholic making these substances beverages o Trinitrotoluene (TNT) - Methanol (methyl alcohol) is used as a solvent and - Plastic and Petrochemical Industries cleaner o Widely used in the manufacturing - 2-Propanol (isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol) is processes of plastics, synthetic fibers, used as a medicinal disinfectant detergents, resins, fuels Sabrina Ofianga !!! - Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested. o Toxic even in small quantitites - Cholesterol is an example of a more complex alcohol - Alcohol functional group (OH) Carboxyl Group - Functional group where a carbon atom is double- bonded to an oxygen atom - Also bonded to an OH group - Compounds with a carboxyl group are called carboxylic acids - Names end in -oic acid - Formic acid (ant stingers) - Carboxyl functional group (COOH) - Carbon-carbon double bond - Acetic acid (vinegar) - Sometimes written as COOH in molecular 1. Alkane structures 2. Alkene 3. Alkene 4. Alkyne - 1 – Butanol - Has an alcohol functional group (OH) - Has a carboxyl functional group (COOH) - Carbon-carbon double bond Sabrina Ofianga Fats - Combination of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C3H8O3) Health and its Relation with Saturated & Unsaturated Fats - Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds - Fats can also have carbon-carbon double bonds o The presence or absence of these double bond in fats is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues Good Cholesterol (HDL) vs. Bad Cholesterol (LDL) - Saturated Fats o No double bonds between carbon atoms Good Cholesterol o Solid at room temperature - High-density lipoprotein o Often associated with negative health - Carries cholesterol to the liver, where cholesterol effects when consumed in excess levels are balanced o Beef fat or tallow - The liver makes enough cholesterol for the body’s o Consuming too much have a greater needs and removes the excess likelihood of developing: - You need enough HDLs to carry cholesterol in your ▪ Heart disease liver ▪ High cholesterol - If HDLs are too low, excess cholesterol circulates in - Unsaturated Fats the blood leading to potential health risks o Mono/polyunsaturated fats o Contain one or more double bonds Bad Cholesterol between carbon atoms - Low-density lipoprotein o Liquid at room temperature - Bad cholesterol that contributes to plaque o Generally considered healthier and formation in the arteries beneficial in moderation - Too many LDLs can lead to heart disease over time o Often called oils o Olive oil, flaxseed oil, fish oils o Increased consumption have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases Sabrina Ofianga High Cholesterol - Condition where there are too many lipids (fats) in the blood - Hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia Medications used for Hyperlipidemia - Statins Ketones o Atorvastatin (Lipitor®) - Organic compound in which the carbonyl group is o Fluvastatin (Lescol®) attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain o Pitavastatin (Livalo®) - Propanone o Lovastatin (Mevacor®, Altoprev™) o Simplest ketone o Pravastatin (Pravachol®) o AKA acetone o Rosuvastatin Calcium (Crestor®) o Common organic solvent o Simvastatin (Zocor®) o Was widely used in nail polish removers - Bile acid sequestrants but has largely been replaced by other o Cholestyramine solvents o Colesevelam Hcl (WelChol®) - Adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitors* Fibrates o Gemfibrozil (Lopid®) o Fenofibrate (Antara®, Lofibra®, Tricor®, and Triglide™) o Fenofibric Acid (Fibricor® and Trilipix®) - Niacin (nicotinic acid) Aldehydes and Ketones - Two related categories of organic compounds that both contain the carbonyl group Aldehyde - Organic compound Methanal - Carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the - AKA Formaldehyde end of the carbon chain - Was widely used as a biological preservative for dead animals - A carcinogen (capable of causing cancer), and has been replaced by safer alternatives for preservation - Aldehydes are now used in the production of resins and plastics - The R group can be a hydrogen atom or any length carbon chain - Aldehydes are named by finding the longest continuous chain that contains the carbonyl group - Change the -e at the end of the alkane name to -al for aldehyde names Sabrina Ofianga Ester Amines - A group of organic compounds derived from organic acids, where at least one –OH group is - compounds and functional groups that contain a replaced by an -O- group basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair - The functional group in esters is the ester group - Any member of a family of nitrogen- (COOR), formed through a substitution reaction containing organic compounds that is derived, between carboxylic acids and organic alcohols either in principle or in practice, - essential in forming the structural basis of from ammonia (NH3) biomolecules like lipids - process of forming esters is called esterification, a Classified as: reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in - Primary (RNH2) the presence of acid o One hydrogen atom of ammonia is - widely used in the food industry for adding the replaced by an organic group aroma of fruits like apples, bananas, pears - Secondary (R2NH) Ether o Two hydrogen atoms of ammonia are replaced by organic groups - Tertiary (R3N) o Three hydrogen atoms of ammonia are replaced by organic groups Naturally Occurring Amines - Alkaloids - A group of organic compounds consisting of the o Present in certain plants ether group (-O-) connecting two alkyl or aryl - Catecholamine neurotransmitters groups o dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine - More acidic than simple hydrocarbons and esters, - Histamine as the oxygen atom is more electronegative than o Local chemical mediator found in most carbon animal tissues - Have a lower boiling point and are less soluble than the respective alcohols - Occur as pleasant-smelling, colorless liquids - Different ethers have various applications in industrial fields, especially in medicine and pharmacology for the preparation of anesthetics - Ethyl ether is commonly used as an excellent solvent for the extraction of various chemicals Sabrina Ofianga