chapter-1-intro-to-ana-and-physio.pdf

Chapter 01 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 ...

Chapter 01 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1  2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology anatomy: - body structure and shape, its parts and their relationship to one another. - means to dissect -Greek word “tomy”- to cut, “ana” apart - Gross anatomy- studying large easily observable structures. - Microscopic anatomy- studying body structures that are too small for the naked eye (ex. Cells) 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology physiology: - how the body and its parts process and function - “physio”- nature, “ology”- study of - systemic physiology - cellular physiology 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology Importance of Anatomy and Physiology understand how the body: - responds to stimuli - environmental changes - environmental cues - diseases - injury - maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually changing environment 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology Types of Anatomy systemic: studies body systems regional: studies body regions (medical schools) surface: studies external features, e.g., bone projections anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) 4 6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Structural and Functional Organization Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. chemical: smallest level - atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. cellular: - cells: basic units of life, smallest unit - compartments and organelles e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm 7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization 3. tissues: - group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release - four broad types: epithelial connective muscular nervous 4. organs: - two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) - e.g., stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney 8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization 5. organ system: - group of organs contributing to some function - e.g., digestive system, reproductive system 6. organism: - all organ systems working together - includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria 9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization Major Organs of the Body Figure 1.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Organ Systems of the Body Figure 1.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organ Systems of the Body Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Characteristics of Life Collectively, all living species show: Maintaining boundaries: - inside remains distinct from its outside Movement: - includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system such as propelling ourselves from one place to another; also occurs when substances such as blood, air, etc propelled through the internal organs. responsiveness: - ability to sense and respond to environmental changes - includes both internal and external environments 3 14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Characteristics of Life Digestion: - process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. metabolism: - sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism - includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller one and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosohate (ATP) - ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes - regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the 3 glands 15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Characteristics of Life Excretion - the process of removing excreta or wastes from the body reproduction: - formation of new cells or new organisms (production of offspring) - generation of new individuals - tissue repair 3 16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Characteristics of Life growth: - can increase in size - size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials development: - changes in form and size - changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized - differentiation 3 17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. SURVIVAL NEEDS Nutrients - chemicals used for energy and cell building. (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins) Oxygen - oxygen is requires for chemical reactions to take place. Water - single most abundant chemical substance in the body and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions. 3 18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. SURVIVAL NEEDS Normal Body temperature - low body temperature- metabolic reactions become slower and slower and finally stops. - too high temperature – chemical reactions proceed too rapidly and body proteins begin to breakdown. Atmospheric pressure - force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air - breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure. 3 19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Terminology and the Body Plan superior anatomical position: - person standing erect with face and palms forward - all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation supine: person lying face up prone: inferior person lying face down inferior superior 20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms superior: above inferior: below anterior: front (also: ventral) posterior: back (also: dorsal) Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans medial: close to midline lateral: away from midline 21 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms proximal: close to point of attachment distal: far from point of attachment superficial: structure close to the surface Deep deep: structure toward the interior of the body Superficial 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 22  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms proximal: close to point of attachment distal: far from point of attachment superficial: structure close to the surface deep: structure toward the interior of the body 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 23  Terminology and the Body Plan Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.8 Directional Terms  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms Table 1.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Planes sagittal: vertical plane, between anterior and posterior surfaces midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline, divides body into equal left and right halves transverse: horizontal plane frontal: vertical plane, between lateral surfaces Figure 1.11 26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Planes Figure 1.11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure 1.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Regions upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot central region: head, neck, trunk Figure 1.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 29 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Figure 1.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Subdivisions of the Abdomen Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.10  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities DORSAL BODY CAVITY Cranial cavity- space inside the bony skull Spinal Cavity- extends from the cranial cavity to the end of spinal cord. 33 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities VENTRAL BODY CAVITY thoracic cavity: - space within chest wall and diaphragm - contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea mediastinum: - space between lungs - contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea 34 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities abdominal cavity: - space between diaphragm and pelvis - contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys pelvic cavity: - space within pelvis - contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine 35 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities Figure 1.13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes - line trunk cavities, cover organs - structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs parietal serous membrane cavity between the above, fluid-filled Figure 1.14 37 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: pericardium pericardial cavity around heart pleura pleural cavity around lungs peritoneum peritoneal cavity around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs 38 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes pericardium - visceral pericardium covers heart - parietal pericardium thick, fibrous - pericardial cavity reduces friction 3(b) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.15a  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes pleura - visceral pleura covers lungs - parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax - pleural cavity - reduces friction - adheres lungs to thoracic wall Figure 1.15b 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan peritoneum Serous Membranes - visceral peritoneum - covers, anchors organs - double layers called mesenteries - parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity - peritoneal cavity reduces friction 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.15 Homeostasis homeostasis - maintenance of constant internal environment even though the outside world is continuously changing. variables: measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables: body temperature blood glucose levels heart rate blood cell counts blood pressure respiratory rate set point: normal, or average value of a variable 42 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point of about 98.6o 43 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: examples common cause of change body temperature fever heart rate, blood pressure respiratory rate exercise 44 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Components of Homeostatic control systems 1 receptor: - type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. detects changes in variable called stimuli, by sending information to the second component, the control center ( Information travels along the afferent pathway approaches the control center.) 2 control center: - receives receptor signal - establishes set point - sends signal to effector 3 45 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Components of Homeostatic control systems 3 effector: - directly causes change in variable - provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus - information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent pathways. ( Efferent information exits the control center) 3 46 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis negative feedback - mechanism that maintains homeostasis - negative feedback response: detection: of deviation away from set point and... correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range 47 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Figure 1.5 48 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.6 49  Homeostasis positive feedback - system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range - not directly used for homeostasis - some positive feedback under normal conditions example: childbirth - generally associated with injury, disease - negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis 50 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Positive feedback – abnormal example: blood pressure loss Figure 1.7 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.