CHAPTER 1.pdf

PETE 419 CHAPTER 1- DRILLING ENGINEERING Recommendations: Topic Outline: Geological Groups Wildcat well locations Drilling Engineering Drill String...

PETE 419 CHAPTER 1- DRILLING ENGINEERING Recommendations: Topic Outline: Geological Groups Wildcat well locations Drilling Engineering Drill String Reservoir Engineering Development well API/ISO Specifications Groups locations Functions of the Drill String Weld-on tool joint description/ basic theory Drilling Engineering Makes the preliminary Computations Groups well designs and cost estimates for the DRILLING ENGINEERING proposed well - is a branch of petroleum engineering that deals with drilling different types of wells to access the Legal Group Secures the necessary reservoir using different techniques. drilling and production - There are several formulas used in drilling rights and establishes engineering in determination of important clear title and right-of-way for access. parameters including but not limited to mud rheology, mud weight, weight on bit, pump rate, Surveyors Establish and strake the as well as the characteristics of rock and drilling well location. fluids. OVERVIEW IN DRILLING OPERATIONS DRILLING CONTRACTOR OIL COMPANIES - Drilling is done by the drilling contractor - The large investments required to drill for oil and gas are made primarily by oil companies. MANAGEMENT - Once the decision to drill the well is made by the SMALL OIL COMPANIES management - They invest mostly in the shallow, less-expensive wells drilled on land in the United DRILLING ENGINEERING GROUP States. - Prepares a more detailed well design and writes the bid specifications. LARGE OIL COMPANIES - Investments in expensive offshore and non-U.S. BID SPECIFICATIONS AND DRILLING CONTRACT wells can be afforded only by large oil - The equipment and the procedures that the companies. operator will require, together with a well description, must be included in this. WELL - It is classified as a wildcat well if its purpose is to BID BASIS discover a new petroleum reservoir. RESERVOIR Cost per Foot - In areas where - In contrast, the purpose of a development well is previous experience has to exploit a known reservoir. shown drilling to be routine - certain depth or formation Contract Price per Day - In areas where costs cannot be estimated with reasonable certainty - beyond that point 1 PETE 419 CHAPTER 1- DRILLING ENGINEERING WATER WELLS DRILL STEM - may have to be drilled to supply the - It is all those members between the swivel and requirements for the drilling operation. the bit and it includes: Drill String Kelly or Top Drive Marshland of South - drilling is performed Louisiana using an inland barge Subs - only drill site Drill Collars preparation required is Heavy Weight Drill Pipe the dredging of a slip to Stabilizers permit moving the barge Shock Absorbers to location Reamers BHA Canadian Arctic Island - requires construction of a man made ice Other in hole equipment platform and extensive supply and storage AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE facilities - In the worldwide oil industry today, an overwhelming majority of all tubular goods are MANPOWER REQUIRED TO SOLVE ANY DRILLING manufactured to specifications developed and PROBLEMS: approved by API. Drilling Contractor Well Operator Various Drilling Service Companies 5DP Covers Drill Pipe Special Consultant DRILLING ENGINEER - recommends the drilling procedures that will 5A2 Cover aspects of the use 5C2 of and care of drill pipe allow the well to be drilled as safely and 5C3 wall thickness or that economically as possible. joints would mate with - In many cases, the original well plan must be similar products modified as drilling progresses because of manufactured by unforeseen circumstances. different companies. - These modifications also are the responsibility of the drilling engineer. API SPECIFICATIONS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE - Cover a wide range of oilfield equipment in - makes the on-site decisions concerning drilling addition to tubular goods. operations and other services needed. API 5DP, RP7G AND RP7A1 RIG OPERATION AND RIG PERSONNEL - These publications relate to the connections for SUPERVISION the drill string and also to the design and - They are the responsibility of the tool pusher. operating limits of the drill stem DRILL STRING - It is a drill pipe with tool joints attached. - IADC definition - International Association of Drilling Contractors 2 PETE 419 CHAPTER 1- DRILLING ENGINEERING INERTIA AND FRICTION DRILL PIPE GRADES - The attaching of tool joints to upset drill pipe CURRENT GRADE CODE MINIMUM tubes by flash welding was replaced in the GRADES YIELD (psi) 1970’s by inertia and friction welding. E-75 E 75,000 ASI/ISO SPECIFICATIONS - Require the weld to be stronger than the tube X- 95 X 95,000 body, have good ductility, and not be harder than 37 Rockwell C. G-105 G 105,000 SIZES OF DRILL PIPE TUBES S-135 S 135,000 Light Weight Standard Weight Z-140* Z 140,000 Heavier than Standard Weight V-150* V 150,000 GRADE CODE AND WEIGHT CODE - Should be stenciled on the pin base for finished U-165* U 165,000 drill string assemblies; - Recommended that these two codes also be stenciled on a milled flat on the pin long surface for quick identification. API LENGTH RANGES RANGE 1 18-22 FT NUMERIC CODES RANGE 2 27-30 FT 1 Light-Weight Tube RANGE 3 38-45 FT 2 Standard Weight Tube 3 Heavier than Standard PLUS 30,000 psi 4 Tubes - Normal Tolerance on yield strength of drill pipe 5 tubes DRILL PIPE IDENTIFICATION HIGH STRENGTH - is marked at the base of the pin by the tool joint - All grades above E-75 are referred to as high manufacturer after the pin is affixed. strength. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION GRADES WITH ASTERISK - In highly stressed drilling environments or if - Grades marked with asterisk have been used, evidence of fatigue damage is noted, magnetic but not been formally recognized. particle inspection should be made of the entire box threaded area, especially the last engaged 1950’s thread area, to determine if transverse cracks - The production of high strength drill-pipe tubes are present. began. - The wet fluorescent magnetic particle method is preferred. TOOL JOINT DIMENSIONS - Commonly used on E-75 tubes - At ;east 80% as strong as the tube to which it was to be attached 3 PETE 419 CHAPTER 1- DRILLING ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS OF THE DRILL STRING DRILL STRING - It is the mechanical linkage connecting the drill bit on bottom to the rotary drive system on the surface. THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF DRILL STRING Transmit and support axial loads - WOB Transmit and support torsional loads - rpm Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the bit EQUIPMENT BET. KELLY SWIVEL AND THE BIT: Kelly Surface Safety Valves Drill Pipe Heavy Walled Drill Pipe Drill Collar Jars - Shocks Subs- Bumper Subs- Junk Baskets- Accelerators etc… WELD-ON TOOL JOINT DESCRIPTION/BASIC THEORY 1938 Flash welded tool joint was the first weld on type tool joint introduced to the industry. 1974 Inertia Welding 1978 Continuous-drive friction welding INERTIA AND CONTINUOUS-DRIVE FRICTION WELDERS - Use frictional heat for achieving welding temperatures. INERTIA WELDER CONTINUOUS-DRIVE FRICTION WELDER Uses flywheel and Maintains constant rpm momentum principle motor and brake system. —COMPUTATIONS—(PAGE: 5) 4