Chapter 1 (1).pdf

EDUC 202 THE TEACHER AND THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM Lesson 1 Learning Objectives: The term "curriculum" is derived from the Latin word "currere", which means "run". Curriculum includes all the learning experiences offered to all the learners under the direction of the school. – Ronald C. Doll Cur...

EDUC 202 THE TEACHER AND THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM Lesson 1 Learning Objectives: The term "curriculum" is derived from the Latin word "currere", which means "run". Curriculum includes all the learning experiences offered to all the learners under the direction of the school. – Ronald C. Doll Curriculum is a plan of action or a written document that includes strategies for achieving desired goals or ends. – Ralph Taylor and Hilda Taba Curriculum is the total efforts of the school to bring about desired outcomes in and out of school situation. – Alexander and Saylor Curriculum is a written document or a plan of action to accomplish goals; a body of subjects or a subject matter prepared by teachers for the students to learn; a course of study; syllabus, lesson plan, or a field of study (Bilbao et al., 2020) Curriculum is concerned greatly on what teachers are going to teach and, in other words, what learners are going to learn. In fact, “curriculum” is also closely related to how well the learners learn—the outcomes. The New International Dictionary defined curriculum is the whole body of a course in an educational institution or by a department while Oxford Dictionary defined it as courses taught in schools and universities. Curriculum from Different Points of View Curriculum from Different Points of View Traditional Point of View Traditional Point of View Traditional Point of View Traditional Point of View Traditional Point of View Traditional Point of View Progressive Point of View Progressive Point of View Progressive Point of View   Why is curriculum important? Learning Objectives: Learning Objectives: Philosophical Foundations of Curriculum Philosophy provides educators, teachers and curriculum makers with framework for planning, implementing and evaluating curriculum in schools. It helps in answering what school are for, what subjects are important, how students should learn and what materials and methods should be used. In decision making, philosophy provides the starting point and will be used for the succeeding decision making. Philosophical Foundations of Curriculum Tyler’s View of Philosophy in Relation to School Purposes Four Educational Philosophies Perennialism Essentialism Progressivism Reconstructionism Historical Foundations of Curriculum Curriculum Theorists Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) - presented curriculum as a science that emphasizes on students' need. Curriculum prepares for adult life. Curriculum Theorists Werret Charters (1875-1952) - considered curriculum also as a science which is based on students' need and the teachers plan the activities. Curriculum Theorists William Kilpatrick (1871- 1965) – viewed curriculum as purposeful activities which are child-centered. The purpose of curriculum is child development, growth and social relationship. Curriculum Theorists He also proposed the use of small group interaction, and the project method in which the teacher and students plan together (Child-centered curriculum). Curriculum Theorists Harold Rugg (1886-1960) - Curriculum should develop the whole child. He emphasized social studies in the curriculum and the teacher plans the lesson in advance. Curriculum Theorists Hollis Caswell (1901-1989) - sees curriculum as organized around social functions of themes, organized knowledge and learner's interests. He gave emphasis that the curriculum is a set of experiences. Curriculum Theorists Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) - believes that curriculum is a science and an extension of school's philosophy. Curriculum Theorists Peter Oliva (1964-2012) - He described the curriculum change as a cooperative endeavor; Significant improvement is achieved through group activity; Teachers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core of planners Curriculum Theorists Hilda Taba (1902-1967) She created a multi-purpose teaching model that utilizes the use of multiple processes such as listing, grouping, labeling, regrouping, and synthesizing. Curriculum Theorists Hilda Taba (1902-1967) She also contributed to the pedagogical and theoretical foundations of concepts development and critical thinking in social studies curriculum. (Bilbao et.al, 2020) Curriculum Theorists Hilda Taba (1902-1967) According to her, teachers are aware of the students’ needs; therefore; they should be the one to develop the curriculum. The main idea of this model is that the students are at the forefront to the curriculum. Historical Foundations of Curriculum The historical development shows the different changes in the purposes, principles and content of the curriculum. The different changes are influenced by educational philosophy, psychology and pedagogical theories. This implies that curriculum is ever changing putting in knowledge and content from many fields of discipline. Psychological Foundations of Curriculum Psychological Foundations of Curriculum Behaviorist Psychology  Edward Thorndike (which Connectionism influenced Tyler and Taba, the well known curricularists) Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Behaviorist Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Psychology Modeling and Observation Albert Bandura theory Hierarchical Learning Robert Gagne  Cognitive Development Stages Jean Piaget Social Constructivism Lev Vygotsky Multiple Cognitive Howard Gardner Intelligences Psychology Learning Styles Felder and Silverman Emotional Intelligences Daniel Goleman Cognitive Psychology  Where learning can be explained in terms of Gestalt wholeness of the problem and where environment is changing and the learning is continuously recognizing Theory his/her perception Humanistic Abraham Theory of human needs for Maslow self-actualizing person Psychology Carl Non-directive lives Roger Humanistic Psychology Social Foundations of Curriculum