Chapter 02 - Computer Hardware.pdf

Chapter 02 Computer Hardware Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify computer system architecture - System Diagram Input/Processing/Output/Storage and Networking hardware 2. Discuss trends in hardware 3. Identi...

Chapter 02 Computer Hardware Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify computer system architecture - System Diagram Input/Processing/Output/Storage and Networking hardware 2. Discuss trends in hardware 3. Identify how data represent in computer systems 4. Prepare specifications for personal computers © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 2  Hardware Introduction An information system is made Hardware up of five components: hardware, software, data, people, and process. People Software The physical parts of IS computing devices – those that you can touch – are Process Data referred to as hardware. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 3  What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computer “A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed” “A computer is a multipurpose multitask multi medium programmable electronic device and it can capture , process , store and share data and users can communicate and collaborate.” Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic operations Input: Entering data into the computer Processing: Performing operations on the data Output: Presenting the results Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use Communications: Sending or receiving data Recommended Video about computer systems: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv73ki6fTuo © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 4  Computer System Application Software System Software Users Users Hardware System Software Application Software Users © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 5  Basic operations of a computer system Input: Entering data into the computer Processing: Performing operations on the data Output: Presenting the results Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use Communications: Sending or receiving data © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 6 The Computer - Block Diagram  The Computer - Block Diagram CPU 1 RAM 4 + Input Output 3 Memory Storage 8  The Computer - Block Diagram CPU 1 RAM 4 + Input Output 3 Memory Storage 9  The Computer - Block Diagram 3) CPU process data and issue control commands 1) Input devices convert human CPU readable data into a machine readable form (binary) 2) RAM stores data temporary and provide data to the CPU 1 RAM 4 + Input Output 3 4) Output devices convert machine readable data (binary) into human readable format 5) Storage store data permanently Storage 10  How Computer Works: Self study videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAx_6-wdslM&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCq8-xTH7jA&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USCBCmwMCDA&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoqMiFKspAA&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKGZlaPlVLY&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnyFYiK2rSY&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=6 Types of Computers 1. Embedded computers 2. Mobile devices 3. Personal computers 4. Midrange servers 5. Mainframe computers 6. Supercomputers © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 12  System Unit System Unit: The main case of a computer – Houses the processing hardware of a computer – Also contains memory, the power supply, cooling fans, and interfaces to connect peripheral devices – Houses the drive bays in which storage devices (hard drives, DVD drives, etc.) are located – With a desktop PC, usually looks like a rectangular box Recommended Video about inside a computer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB4I2CgkcCo © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 13  The Motherboard Motherboard or system board: The main circuit board inside the system unit – All computer components must connect to the motherboard – External devices (monitors, keyboards, mice, printers) typically connect by plugging into a port exposed through the exterior of the system unit ⮚ Circuit board: A thin board containing computer chips and other electronic components ⮚ Computer chip: Very small pieces of silicon or other semi- conducting material onto which integrated circuits are embedded © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 14  The CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU): circuitry and components packaged together and attached to the motherboard – Does most of the processing of a computer. – Also called a processor; called a microprocessor when talking about PCs. – Dual-core CPU: Contain the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU. – Quad-core CPU: Contains 4 cores. – Different CPUs are typically designed for desktop PCs, portable PCs, or servers. – CPUs of Personal Computers are often made by Intel or AMD. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 15  The CPU Intel AMD Ryzen (Advanced Micro Devices) Very expensive Cheaper than intel Slower than AMD Ryzen Very faster The microprocessor with poor The microprocessor with higher Gaming gaming performance. CPU Versions of intel Versions of AMD Ryzen M2 Processor (Apple) ⮚ Intel i9, i7,i5,i3…etc. ⮚ AMD Ryzen 9,7,5… etc. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 16  CPU - Factors to be considered (1) Clock speed (Frequency) Your CPU processes many instructions (low-level calculations like arithmetic) from different programs every second. The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second, measured in GHz (gigahertz). A “cycle” is technically a pulse synchronized by an internal oscillator, but for our purposes, they’re a basic unit that helps understand a CPU’s speed. During each cycle, billions of transistors within the processor open and close. (2) Number of Cores (3) Cache memory A multi-core processor is a computer The CPU internal memory and store processor on a single integrated circuit copies of data and instructions with two or more separate processing from RAM. So basically what the units, called cores, each of which reads CPU cache does, is that it holds and executes program instructions. common data that it thinks the CPU is going to access over and Recommended Video about Processing Speed: over again https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS1rEJZKr4U © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 17  The GPU - Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) : The chip that does the processing needed to display images on the screen. - can be located on the motherboard, inside the CPU, or on a video graphics board. - In some cases, both the CPU and GPU are integrated into one CPU package - Ex : APU – Accelerated Processing Units is the integrated processor of AMD - System-on-a-chip (SoC) : SoC is a processor that contains all the necessary capabilities for a single device. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 18  Buses Bus: An electronic path within a computer over which data travels Bus width: The number of wires in the bus over which data can travel Bus width and speed determine the throughput of the bus © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 19  Computer Memory © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 20  Computer memory hierarchy Recommended Video about Computer Memory Hierarchy: https://youtu.be/NQo7G34hzVQ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 21  Computer memory RAM (random access memory): Temporary memory that the computer uses – Consists of chips connected to a memory module which is connected to the motherboard – Holds data and program instructions while they are needed. – Adequate RAM is needed to run programs – Volatile: Contents of RAM is lost when the computer is shut off – Some forms of nonvolatile RAM are also available – DDR4 (Double Data Rate Fourth Generation Random Access Memory) is the latest version of RAM – DDR4 provides the lower operating voltage (1.2V) and higher transfer rate. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 22  Computer memory Registers: High-speed memory built into the CPU; used by the CPU Cache memory: Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU – More cache memory typically means faster processing – Usually, internal cache today ROM (read-only memory): Read-only chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored – Retrieved by the computer when needed – Being replaced with flash memory Flash memory: Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed – Some flash memory chips are used by the PC – Flash memory chips are also used in flash memory storage26 media (sticks, cards, and drives) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 23  Ports and Connectors Port: A connector on the exterior of a PC’s system unit to which a device may be attached – Serial – USB (2.0, 3.x – Parallel Type C) – RJ45 (Network) – eSATA – Video Out (DP, HDMI, DVI – Audio (Mic in, Speaker Out etc VGA) and Audio Combo) – RJ11 Modem/Phone © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 24  Ports and Connectors © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 25  Ports and Connectors Notebook computers have ports similar to desktop PCs, but often not as many © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 26  Storage/ Secondary Storage / Permanent Memory © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 27  Secondary Storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 28  Storage System There are two parts of storage system: the storage medium and the storage device. A storage medium is the hardware where data is actually stored (for example, a DVD or a flash memory card). The device that saves data onto the storage medium, or reads data from it, is known as the storage device. A storage medium is inserted into its corresponding storage device (such as a DVD drive or a flash memory card reader) in order to be read from or written to. Can be Internal External Remote © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 29  Internal Storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 30  Magnetic Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) Storage system consisting of one or more metal magnetic discs permanently sealed with an access mechanism inside its drive Can be internal or external Found in most computers Also used in many consumer devices, such as DVRs, gaming consoles, etc. Read/write head doesn’t touch the surface of the disc Head crashes can occur Backing up is important © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 31  Solid State Drive Use flash memory technology Use less power and have no moving parts Particularly appropriate for portable computers and mobile devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 32  Solid-State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs) also called hybrid drives, contain both flash memory chips and magnetic hard drives © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 33  External Storage Devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 34  USB Flash Drives Consist of flash memory media and a reader in a single self- contained unit Typically, portable drives that connect via a USB port Also called USB flash memory drives, thumb drives Come in a variety of appearances © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 35  Remote Storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 36  Network Storage Network storage refers to using a storage device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer; instead, the device is accessed through a local network or through the Internet Using a remote storage device via a local network is referred to as network storage Example: ITRC file server © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 37  Cloud Storage Remote storage devices accessed via the Internet are often referred to as online storage or cloud storage (Eg. Onedrive, Google Drive, Drop Box, icloud etc…) Growing in importance because more and more applications are web-based Increasingly being used for backup purposes © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 38  Advantages and disadvantages of network storage and cloud storage Network storage Cloud Storage We don’t need to pay a monthly Need to pay a rental fee We need to maintain We are free hardware/software from maintaining hardware/software We need network specialists No need of specialists Don’t need internet Need Internet We are not dependents We depend on others Need initial investment Scalability © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 39  Input devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 40  Data capture methods vs Data entry In general data capture is fast and accurate, but may be expensive or may not be feasible in some applications. If feasible, Data capture methods is the best. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 41  Source data automation The process of collecting data at their point of origin in digital form. It eliminates much of this duplicated effort, delay extra handling, and potential for error by initially collecting data in digital form. Source Data Automation is the use of automated methods of data entry that attempt to reduce or eliminate many of the activities, people and data media required by traditional data entry methods. It is basically the process of collecting data at the point of origin in digital form. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 42 Source: https://www.pacificcommerce.com.au/page/edi-electronic-data-interchange © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 43  Input Devices Automatic Input Devices Non Automatic Input Devices (Data Capture Methods) (Data Entry Methods) Scanning Magnetic Ink Audio / Bio Card RFID NFC Sensors Devices Readers Video Metric Readers Mouse Optical Barcode QR Code OCR OMR MIMR Finger Magnetic MYO Scanners Readers Readers Keyboard Flatbed MICR Hand Smart Thermal Trackball Sheetfed Face Smoke Joystick Drum Iris Humidity Light pen Hand held Voice GPS Touch Screen 3D Stylus Steering Wheel & © Department Pedal of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 44  Output devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 45  Output Device Softcopy Hardcopy Multi- Function Monitors Projectors Speakers Printers Printers Plotters Non- CRT Flat Panel Multimedia Hologram Built-in Impact Impact 3D Pen Electro LCD LCD Desktop Dot Metrix Laser Static Subwoofe LED DLP Line Ink Jet rs Gas Head LED Thermal Plasma Phones Flex Earbuds Printers © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 46  Advantages and disadvantages of Soft copy vs Hard copy Soft copy Hard Copy No per copy cost Per copy cost Temporary Permanent Flexible (Zoom / change colour Not flexible etc) Environmentally friendly © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 47 How Data represent in Computer Watch the Following from the YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgbV6DLVezo © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 48  Digital Data Representation Bit: The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0) Byte = 8 bits Byte terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc. Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), etc. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 49 Digital Data Representation 1 Bit = Binary Digit 8 Bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 50  Digital Data Representation cont. Coding Systems for Text-Based Data © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 51  Digital Data Representation cont. Coding Systems for other types of Data Audio data: Must be in digital form in order to be stored on or processed by a PC – Often compressed when sent over the Internet MP3 files Video data: Displayed using a collection of frames, each frame containing a single graphical image – Amount of data can be substantial, but can be compressed MPEG-1 - Video CD MPEG-2 - Over-the-air digital television MPEG-3 - Redundant and was merged with MPEG-2 MPEG-4 - HD DVD and Blu ray Discs © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 52 Self Study Videos: How Computers Work, Compilation Video of Basics Explained Recommend to watch this video, it explains fundamental concepts using illustrations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv73ki6fTuo&t=2588s © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 53  Thank You © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 54