Information System PDF

Information System Hardware Software Process Data People In a computer system, Hardware is a collection of physical devices or we can say that it is an intangible device that can be touched. It is known as “Hardware”. Hardware Components Input Device: An input devi...

Information System Hardware Software Process Data People In a computer system, Hardware is a collection of physical devices or we can say that it is an intangible device that can be touched. It is known as “Hardware”. Hardware Components Input Device: An input device sends the data into the computer system. It allows users to interact with the computer and use it Ex: Keyboard (Standard input device of most computers; used to type data in a computer) Mouse Monitor Scanner Joystick Light Pen: A device used to draw, write, or issue commands when it touches a specially designed screen. Scanner: A scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view them on the computer. Track Ball: Basically an upside down mouse. Microphone: Used to input sound into a computer. Output Device: An Output device is a device used to send data from the computer to the user. In short, it provides output to the user so that the user can communicate with it. Ex: Monitor- Used to provide soft copy output. Printer- Output device that produces text and graphics on paper. Speaker- Play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card. Multimedia Projector- A type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. CPU The CPU is a Central Processing Unit which is a hardware device that is placed in a motherboard and is also known as the “Brain of the Computer”. RAM “Random Access Memory” Which is also a hardware device placed within the motherboard. RAM is used to provide the storage to run the application in your computer and it is the primary memory of the computer system. SSD & HDD SSD and HDD both are the storage of the computer and it is secondary memory of the computer system. SSD stands for “Solid State Drive” & HDD stands for “Hard Disk Drive”, both are hardware devices which are used to provide storage so that the user can easily store anything like: Software, Videos, Images, etc, and so on. MotherBoard A motherboard is PCB (printed circuit board) which is basically a board where all the other peripherals devices are connected inside it like RAM, CPU, etc. It provides connectors for additional peripherals and stores and permits communication between many of the critical electronic parts of a system. Other definitions: Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. It is also known as the mainboard or system board. Hard-Disk Drive: A storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a non removable disk. Power Supply: It supplies power from the power supply to the drive. The power cables are red, yellow, and black. The yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power, the red wire furnishes 5 volts of power, the two black wires are ground wire for each. CPU: The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the program in sequence, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. MEMORY The memory in a computer system is of two fundamental types: The main/primary memory and the secondary memory. Primary Memory: RAM Secondary Memory: HDD Video Card: A board that is plugged into a computer to give it display capabilities. Sound Card: It enhances the computer's sound generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers. Modem: A modem is a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers. Software - collection of instructions, data, or programs that are used to run and execute the programs in a computer. It is basically a program that runs inside the computer like Operating System, Browser, MS Office, etc, and some other applications depending on the category. Example of Software on category-wise: Games: GTA V, Valorant, PUBG etc. Video Player: VLC Media Player, Power DVD, etc. Editing Software: Photoshop, Filmora, Adobe Illustrator, etc. Browser software like Bing, Google Chrome, Brave, Mozilla Firefox, etc.  “Types of Software” System Software Operating System System Utilities Application Software Word Processing Spreadsheet Presentation Database Web Browser Computer Games System Software The system software consists of the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. Systems software actually controls the hardware so that application software can perform any action or task. Example: Operating systems, Compiler, Loaders, Linker, and Interpreter. In System software programs are designed to operate, control and enhances the processing capabilities of the computer System software is developed by computer manufacturer in low level language It also helps hardware components to work together and provide support for the development and execution of the application software Programs which are included in system software package are known as system programs and the programmers who develop those programs are known as system programmer Types of System Software  Operating System Utilities Device Drivers Language Translators Operating System An operating system is software which manages computer hardware and software resources. It also provides common services to computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs are dependent on operating system to function. Example: Linux Windows Mac OS FreeBSD. Redhat Sun Cobalt Solaris Utilities Utilities software is system software which is manufactured to help, analyze, configure, optimize or to maintain a computer. It also helps in maintenance and problem solving of a computer. Common types of utility programs Hardware utilities Virus-detection and recovery utilities File-compression utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities Backup Uninstall Device Drivers Device driver is actually a communication device between device and computer It loads every time in memory When a new device is added the driver should be installed in order to run the program Application Software Actually the application software consists of programs that are designed to make users more comfortable or productive to assist personal tasks The application software is present on computer hard disk Application software can also be stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices. Type Of Application Software Proprietary: Proprietary software is a licensed software under exclusive legal right of owner. In-house: In In-house software we develop application with the help of company resources Off-the-shelf: An existing software program that can be used without any changes expected. Contract: The software which is developed for a specific company for their requirement. Form Of Application Software Package software: A software which is sold in a bundle due to similar function of programs. Example: Microsoft office, windows Cd Custom Software: This is software which is specially made for an organization as per their requirement. Example: Attendance system and Security code system. Web Application: A web application is any application that uses a web browser. Example: Google docs and Drop Box Open source software Open source software is made available to every one and can be change, modify and distribute to public without any notification. Example: Linux, Moodle, Wordpress, Drupal, Magento, Bootstrap, Drupal, Linux, Tnoodle, DOTNETNUKE, WORDPRESS FREEWARE Free ware is the software that is freely available to public but author has a copy right, means that you can only use it, not sell it. Example: Antivirus, symantec, Norton AntiVirus SHAREWARE Share ware is actually delivered free of charge but some time the owner ask for money to get registered, so that they can send updates in future. It can be copied but cannot be sold. Example: Dino Numbers and Microsoft office PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE Public domain software is totally free and it is not copyrighted plus it have no restriction Example: SQlite, Blast, I2P FIRMWARE Firmware is basically software that contains some basic instructions that allow hardware to communicate with other software known as “Firmware”. Examples: USB drives, Hard drives, Remote Controls, Printers, etc. There are some Merits and Demerits of “Computer Systems” Liveware Liveware is basically those users or people who operate a computer system  using both hardware and software known as “Liveware”. It is also known as “Humanware”. There are basically three types of computer are: 1.Analog Computer 2.Digital Computer 3.Hybrid Computer Analog Computer These computers are those computers which are mostly used for measurement like Speedometer, Thermometer, Voltmeter, etc. This type of computer works on continuous data values. Hybrid Computer Hybrid computers are those computers that provide the features of both analog and digital computers. It uses analog data and digital data, first it takes analog data and then converts it into a digital version for further processing. Digital Computer Digital Computers are those computers whose has two discrete value “0” and “1” which are also known as binary numbers or machine language. It stores data in a numerical format and performs some calculations and logical operations to provide results to the users so that they can understand easily.. For example, the Modern computers are we using right now are digital computers (desktops, laptops, etc). Types of Digital Computers are: Microcomputers Minicomputers Medium-size computers Large Computers Mainframe Computers Supercomputers MICROCOMPUTERS Microcomputers are those computers that are commonly used in terms of personal computers. It uses a single processor for its CPU and It is a digital computer system under the control of a stored program that uses a microprocessor which is also known as “Micro-Chips”. ROM “(Read Only Memory” defines the instructions to be executed by the computer while RAM defines the functional equivalent of the computer memory. Mostly Microcomputer is commonly used in Schools, offices, companies, and for personal uses. Examples of microcomputers: are laptops, tablets, mobile phones, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), etc. MINICOMPUTERS Minicomputers are those computers that possess the features and capabilities of a large computer and it was developed in the mid of 1960s. Minicomputer systems are also known as small mainframe computers which provide faster-operating speeds and larger storage capacities than microcomputers and also, can support a large number of high-speed. This type of computer system is very flexible and can be improvised to meet the needs of users. Although the minicomputer is not as powerful as the medium or large-size of the computer. which I am going to tell… Examples of minicomputers: Apple iPad, Samsung tab, Netbook, iPod, etc. MEDIUM SIZED COMPUTERS These are those computers that provide faster speed and larger storage capabilities than small Computers(Micro or Minicomputers). These computers can support a large number of high-speed, input output devices, and several disk drives that can be used to provide online access processing. The possibility of increasing the data processing and capability of the computer by adding devices, such as adding memory. Example of a medium-sized computer: IBM’s Power Systems. LARGE COMPUTERS Computers that have the ultimate in flexibility and speed. These computers usually contain full control of the systems with minimal operator intervention. Large computer systems range from single processing configurations to nationwide computer-based networks involving general large computers. Large computers, it has an internal operating speed that is measured in terms of nanoseconds as compared to the smaller computers where speed is in terms of  microseconds. Examples of large-size computers: Supercomputers and Mainframe computers. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Mainframe computers are huge and multi-user systems that are designed to process the millions of instructions of this computer per second and are capable of accessing billions of data. This is a combination of RAM and many processors and acts as a central processing unit for many workstations. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, airline reservations companies, and many other huge companies. It allows its user to maintain large information storage at a centralized location. These computers are commonly too expensive. A normal person is not able to buy it and It is the second largest in capabilities and size of the Computer Family. SUPERCOMPUTERS The supercomputer is the biggest, fastest, and very expensive machine. It was developed in the 1960s. This computer is used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as molecular modeling, climate research, weather forecasting, quantum physics, physical stimulations, etc. Supercomputers are ultra-fast computers that are designed to process a huge amount of scientific data and then display the underlying patterns which have been discovered. Supercomputers are powerful machines that have speed in the 100-million-instruction-per-second range. “The government especially uses this type of computer for their different calculations and heavy duties”. DATA and INFORMATION All data ends up being stored as a series of numbers inside the computer. Data can be input to the computer by the user in many different ways. The main types of data that can be input into a computer and processed are numeric, text, dates, graphics and sound.