Communication & Globalization PDF

Chapter 2 COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE - the ability to function in a truly communicative setting. It is the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt knowledge in various contexts. It is also the synthesis of an unde...

Chapter 2 COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE - the ability to function in a truly communicative setting. It is the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt knowledge in various contexts. It is also the synthesis of an underlying system of knowledge and skill needed for communication COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE deals with: knowledge. the ability to use the ability to adapt to various contexts COMPETENCE - refers to the conscious and unconscious knowledge of an individual about language and about other aspects of language use COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE 1. GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE - the domain of grammatical and lexical capacity 2.SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE - an understanding of the social context in which communication takes place, including role relationships, the shared information of the participants, and the communicative purpose of their interaction 3. DISCOURSE COMPETENCE - the ability to interpret individual message elements in terms of their interconnectedness and of how meaning is represented in relationship to the entire discourse 4. STRATEGIC COMPETENCE - the coping strategies that communicators employ to initiate, terminate, maintain, repair and redirect communication EXPECTED SKILLS FOR COLLEGE GRADUATES (National Communication Association) 1. State ideas clearly. 2. Communicate ethically. 3. Recognize when it is appropriate to communicate. 4. Identify their communication goals. 5. Select the most appropriate and effective medium for communicating. 6. Demonstrate credibility. 7. Identify and manage misunderstandings. 8. Manage conflict. 9. Be open-minded about another’s point of view. 10. Listen attentively. GLOBAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE COMPETENCE - the ability of individuals that relates effectively to self and others in daily life. COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE - an innate individual trait that is not related to personal intellect or education, thus, is an internal ability that is enhanced and luminated through the promotion of empathy in the process of socialization In the global communication context, competence further requires individuals to be equipped with the ability to acknowledge, respect, tolerate and integrate cultural differences to be qualified for enlightened global citizenship MODEL OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE This enables individuals to search for the vision, shared understanding, and sense of multiple identities that lead to the unlocking of human potential in the development of intelligence, knowledge, and creativity for a peaceful and productive society. FOUR DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE Chen (2005) defines communication competence as an innate individual trait that is not related to personal intellect or education. Thus, he developed a “model of global communication competence” that enables individuals to search for the vision, shared understanding, and sense of multiple identities that lead to the unlocking of human potential in the development of intelligence, knowledge, and creativity for a peaceful and productive society. 1. GLOBAL MINDSET - is a psychological process that represents patterns of an individual or group thinking. It is a fixed mental attitude that leads people to see things and events from a specific lens through perception and reasoning. 2. UNFOLDING THE SELF - the ability to look for shared communication symbols and project the self into another person’s mind by thinking the same thoughts, feelings, and emotions as the person. 3. MAPPING THE CULTURE - ability to contrast cultural differences that may motivate us to prefer alternative styles of cultural expressions and engender in us a desire to retool so that we can better function with the demands of global environment and cope with the changing environment rapidly. 4. ALIGNING THE INTERACTION - requires individuals to foster the ability of cultural adroitness by which they can function effectively and appropriately without violating their counterpart’s norms and rules to reach a global civic society. GLOBALIZATION Definitions of Globalization: 1. Globalization is associated with deterritorialization 2. Globalization is linked to the growth of social interconnectedness across existing geographical and political boundaries. 3. Globalization must also include a reference to the speed or velocity of social activity 4. Globalization should be conceived as a relatively long-term process FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION 1. The emergence of transnational communication conglomerates as key players in the global system. 2. The social impact of new technologies, especially those associated with satellite communication 3. The asymmetric flow of information and communication products within the global system 4. The variations and inequalities in terms of access to the global networks of communication MAJOR TRENDS IN GLOBALIZATION 1. Technology development has made globalization inevitable and irreversible. 2. Economic transformation has led to a new landscape of economic world. THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION Globalization requires the development of a person’s language ability. The ability to use language accurately and appropriately is a requirement of a globalizing society. In a social interaction, a person demonstrates the ability to respond appropriately to the formality level of the situation, can use a variety of sentence structures, and can handle expanded inventory of concrete, idiomatic and conceptual language. Hence, the creativity to use the English language is a determinant of a person’s communication skill. Today, people need to understand the dynamics of long-distance collaboration, the impact of culture on manners of speaking and body language, and how to use technology to communicate with people on the other side of the globe. Understanding the impact of globalization on each of these factors can help students to select their most useful communication skills development programs. 1. VIRTUAL INTERACTIONS. Globalization has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a major part of workplace dynamics. Modern entrepreneurs need to understand the strengths and limitations of different communications media, and how to use each medium to maximum effect. 2. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN SPEECH. The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required skillset of effective communicators. Modern entrepreneurs and employees need the ability to catch subtle nuances of people’s manner of speech when communicating across cultures. Even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural differences can affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone, and taboo topics (Ingram, 2009). 3. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN BODY LANGUAGE. Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as important as the nuances of speech. Students should understand acceptable speaking distances, conflict styles, eye contact, and posture in different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of their own culture are not universally accepted. These differences should be addressed to avoid difficulties or miscommunication. 4. TIME DIFFERENCES. The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills— the need to communicate and share information with people across several time zones. When people collaborate with others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work. Today’s communication skills development programs should address the nuances of overcoming this challenge by teaching people to understand the information needs of their colleagues, according to the communication styles of different countries or cultures. Being able to effectively share information between shifts can make or break the productivity of a geographically dispersed team, making this an important issue for many companies (Ingram, 2009). THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN GLOBALIZATION COMMUNICATION MEDIA - plays a significant role in constructing and representing the phenomenon of globalization and subsequently changing educational and learning processes. ROLES OF MEDIA: 1. It enables communication to take place in real time over great distances. 2. It advances the 21st century into what we speak as the globalization of communication. 3. The emergence of electronic media and the digital media has brought about a radical change on how we see education. LANGUAGE AND GLOBALIZATION 21ST CENTURY LANGUAGE has become the language that exists in the global world. Here are some of the terminologies in the globalizing society: CHAT ROOM - internet feature that allows people to communicate in real time COMPUTER LITERACY - internet literacy; ability to use computers CYBERSPACE - world wide web DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP - the creation of conscious critical forms of integration in the globalizing society; a person utilizing technology (digital citizen) DIGITAL COMPETENCE - confidence and critical use of information technology DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS - adults who adapt to their environment as they retain their language; born before the widespread of technology DIGITAL NATIVES - young people who are native speakers of the digital language of computers; born on the era of technology DIGITAL SKILLS - ability to evaluate a variety of technological solutions; more than just knowing how to use a specific technology well EMOJI - the creation of a new alphabet; pictograph EMOTICON - words without letters conveying emotional responses ETHNOSCAPE - landscape of persons who form the shifting world where we live HYPERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - computer mediated communication that is more socially desirable than face-to-face communication IDEOSCAPE - the movement of ideologies MEDIASCAPE - pertains to the electronic and print media in global cultural flows MEDIAMORPHOSIS - transformation of communication media OMG - Oh My God! SELFIE - an ego-manical madness; gives focus on an individual STREAMING MULTIMEDIA - live audio and video available on a website TECHNOSCAPE - movement of technology TELEMATIC NETWORK - convergence of telecommunications and information processing VIRTUAL COMMUNITY - community that exists in the world of electronic communication rather than in the physical world VIRTUAL REALITY - the use of computer to simulate an experience in a way that is obscure from reality Chapter 3 LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN A MULTICULTURAL SETTING INTRODUCTION: Communication is guided by culture and context. It is predicted by the type of culture dictated by its context. CULTURE - is manifested in our actions and affects how we tell the world who we are and what we believe in. It is the basis for how we behave in a certain communication context. CONTEXT - brings a better understanding about culture in general and our own culture. It refers to anything that refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event (Edward T. Hall) LOCAL COMMUNICATION - is highly grounded on the cultural context. This context of communication reflects the culture of people who are creating their self-identity and community. GLOBAL COMMUNICATION - has turned to be a modifying factor of local communication. It attempts to bring changes that affect communication conventions. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - a discipline that focuses on how culture affects communication. It is the ability to understand and value cultural differences. LANGUAGE - is a component that is linked to intercultural understanding. Enhancing oral and written communication in intercultural environments is a way to achieving intercultural competence. GRICE’S PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATIVE CONVERSATION 1. MAXIM OF RELATION - every interlocutor should be relevant in a conversation, requiring them to respond based on cultural and contextual requirements. 2. MAXIM OF QUANTITY - every interlocutor should observe a “fair-share-talk of time.” 3. MAXIM OF QUALITY - the truth value of a message should be held primary in a conversation. The accuracy of the message should always be upheld. It should not go beyond what is true nor deduced in its essence. 4. MAXIM OF MANNER - the manner of saying a word is more regarded than its content. MODES OF COMMUNICATION Words and gestures are used in a region or country to give meaning to certain ideas. Words are primary in communication, but gestures would even make a meaningful communication. Below are the modes of communication in an intercultural communication. LANGUAGE - Words, greetings and expressions that are based on culture and context BODY LANGUAGE - is a form of non-verbal communication in which movements of the body communicate messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with speech. THE ABC’S OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Communication is complex because of the cultural and contextual factors embedded in it. It is also challenging due to the many ways in which communication can vary between cultures as well as individuals plus the requirements needed by an individual to satisfy the conversational conventions Although effective communication is hard to achieve because of these considerations, good communication is attainable. Lewis (2008) provided the following ABC’s of intercultural communication. A ACKNOWLEDGE Differences in communication style should be acknowledged. Every person in a group has a particular communication style which gives her/his own identity in communicating. Anticipating awareness on differences will increase awareness of uniqueness. B BI-LEVEL Communication does not only uphold speaking and listening but also requires a holistic process that includes verbal and non- verbal channels. Non-verbal communication is critical in the communication process due to its cultural nuances. It may vary from one culture to another. C CLARIFY If you are doubtful of your understanding about what is being communicated, ask for clarification. Devote a little extra time to verify understanding so that you can save time and avoid frustration. CULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS Sometimes, the goal of communication is not achieved due to communication barriers brought by culture. BARRIERS - give difficulty in understanding people, whose language is different, and evidently challenge people who are trying to work harmoniously with others of a different background. LANGUAGE BARRIER - It is evidently the primary barrier of communication in second and foreign language contexts. Because of its complexity, communication between people speaking different languages is difficult. HOSTILE STEREOTYPES - Stereotypes are generalizations or assumptions people make about the characteristics of members of a group, based on an image about what people in that group are like. BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES - Difference of behavior between different cultures can cause misunderstandings. Every culture has its norm about what is regarded as appropriate behavior. EMOTIONAL DISPLAY - Different cultures have varying regard on emotional display. What is considered appropriate display of emotion in one culture may not be appropriate in another culture. ENHANCING ORAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS 1. Learn foreign phrases. 2. Use simple English. 3. Speak slowly and enunciate clearly. 4. Observe eye messages. 5. Encourage accurate feedback. 6. Check frequently for comprehension. 7. Accept blame. 8. Listen without interrupting. 9. Smile when appropriate. 10. Follow up in writing. DEVELOPING WRITTEN COMMUNICATION TO MULTICULTURAL AUDIENCES 1. Consider local styles. 2. Observe titles and status. 3. Use short sentences and paragraphs. 4. Avoid ambiguous expressions. 5. Strive for clarity. 6. Use correct grammar. 7. Cite numbers carefully. 8. Accommodate the reader in organization, tone, and style. AMBIGUOUS EXPRESSIONS Idioms and figurative clichés - This form of language uses words and expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. beat the clock — to do something before the deadline do the dirty work—to do the disagreeable, illegal, dishonest things labor of love — a work that brings you great pleasure go with the flow — to do what people do and accept things as they are bend the law or bend the rules — to cheat a little bit without breaking the law Slang - It is a shortcut or highly colloquial word that suggests excessive informality and lack of appreciation in the workplace setting gonna — going to wanna — want to Cover your ass. — Protect yourself from possible criticism. What you see is what you get. — There is nothing hidden. Okay — all right Acronym - It is formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word. LAM — leave a message IMO — in my opinion AKA — also known as AWOL — absent without leave ASAP — as soon as possible Abbreviation - It is a short form of a lengthy expression. Acct – account recd – received w/o – without fwd – forward ad – advertisement Jargon - It is a type of language that is used in an occupation. Often, words are meaningless outside a certain context. bang for the buck — a business jargon for getting the most for your money helicopter view — an overview of a job or a project desk job — a job that is typically confined to duties from a desk end-user perspective — what the customer thinks about a product or service cubicle farm — a section of the office that contains worker’s cubicles