Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought PDF

# Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries ## The Scientific Revolution * **Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe** * Copernicus proposes a heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system, and Earth as a...

# Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries ## The Scientific Revolution * **Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe** * Copernicus proposes a heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system, and Earth as a planet orbiting the Sun. * **Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations** * Tycho Brahe provided detailed and accurate astronomical observations. * Johannes Kepler argued for a heliocentric model and discovered that the planets' orbits are elliptical. * **Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws** * Galileo used the telescope to observe the Moon, Sun, and Jupiter's moons, supporting the Copernican model. * He argued that the universe is governed by mathematical laws. * **Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation** * Newton's laws of motion and gravitation explained planetary motion and the universe's workings. ## Philosophy Responds to Changing Science * **Nature as Mechanism** * This period saw an increasing adoption of the idea of the universe as a machine. * **Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method.** * Bacon emphasized inductive reasoning and the importance of empirical observation in scientific inquiry. * **René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction** * Descartes advocated a deductive approach, emphasizing the use of reason and mathematics. * **Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government.** * Hobbes argued for a strong and absolute sovereign power required to maintain order and control human nature. * **John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration.** * Locke advocated for limited government with individual rights and liberties. * He argued for religious toleration and the importance of natural law. ## The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge * **Royal Society of London:** * Founded in 1660, this scientific society encouraged the sharing and debate of scientific ideas and findings. * **French Academy of Science:** * Established in 1666, this academy promoted research and recognized its importance for economic progress. * **Other Scientific Societies:** * Universities and local societies also discussed scientific ideas and conducted experiments. ## Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution * **Constraints on Women's Participation:** * Traditional institutions, such as monasteries and universities, excluded women. * Social norms and expectations often limited women's opportunities for scientific pursuit. * **Margaret Cavendish:** * A notable exception, Cavendish wrote extensively on scientific matters and challenged existing scientific paradigms. * **Women in Artisan Classes:** * Some women working in crafts, particularly astronomy, had a greater degree of freedom, but they often relied on their husbands' support and recognition. ## The New Science and Religious Faith * **Galileo's Case:** * The conflict with the Roman Catholic Church over Galileo's support for the Copernican system highlighted the tensions between science and religious interpretations. * Galileo's trial in 1633, where he was found guilty of heresy, demonstrated these tensions. ## Continuing Superstition * **Witch-Hunts and Panic:** * This period saw widespread fear and persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft, fueled by social anxieties and religious tensions. * This trend was particularly directed towards widows, midwives, and women healers. * **The Influence of the Clergy:** * Church leaders played a significant role in promoting the belief in witchcraft and the persecution of accused witches. * **Village Origins:** * Belief in witchcraft was rooted in folk traditions of "cunning folk" who practiced magic. * This belief was also linked to anxieties surrounding social change, religious differences, and political discord. ## Baroque Art * **Characteristics:** * Baroque art emphasized naturalism, dramatic contrasts between light and dark, and theatricality. * It served both religious and secular purposes. * **Artists & Examples:** * Michelangelo Caravaggio's works exemplified Baroque painting. * Gian Lorenzo Bernini's elaborate decorations in St. Peter's Basilica are prime examples of Baroque architecture. * Baroque art was a major force in Catholic countries and an important part of royal patronage. ## In Perspective * **The Scientific Revolution and its impact:** * It led to a shift in worldview, replacing an Earth-centered universe with a heliocentric model and emphasizing the importance of mathematical reasoning. * It challenged the authority of the church and traditional beliefs, but also led to new ideas in physics and astronomy. * **The Influence of Francis Bacon:** * He emphasized the importance of empirical observation and the practical applications of science. * His ideas influenced intellectuals and shaped perceptions of the relationship between religion and science. * **The Enlightenment:** * The legacy of the scientific revolution contributed to the Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and social change that emphasized reason, progress, and individual liberty. * **The Impact of Women's Exclusions:** * While women made significant contributions to science and culture, the limitations placed on their opportunities had far-reaching implications for the role of women in society. ## Key People * **Nicolaus Copernicus** * **Tycho Brahe** * **Johannes Kepler** * **Galileo Galilei** * **Isaac Newton** * **Francis Bacon** * **René Descartes** * **Thomas Hobbes** * **John Locke** * **Blaise Pascal** * **Margaret Cavendish** ## Key Concepts * **Heliocentric model** * **Empirical method** * **Rational deduction** * **Nature as mechanism** * **Witch-hunts** * **Baroque art** * **Enlightenment** ## Key Terms * **Geocentrism** * **Heliocentrism** * **Epicycle** * **Deferent** * **Natural philosophy** * **Scholasticism** * **Divine Comedy** * **Inductive reasoning** * **Deductive Reasoning** * **Leviathan** * **Casuistry** * **Physico-theology** * **Maleficium** * **Sabbat** * **Cunning folk** * **Baroque** * **Enlightenment** This markdown document is based on the information presented in the image and contains the key people, concepts, and terms discussed in the chapter. It also highlights important events and movements and explores tensions between science and religion.