Scientific Revolution Overview

The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe, with all other celestial bodies revolving around it.

The belief that the Sun is the center of the universe, with the Earth and other planets revolving around it.

A circular orbit within a larger circular orbit used in ancient astronomical models to explain the apparent retrograde motion of planets.

The larger circle in ancient astronomical models that represents the path of a planet around the Earth.

The systematic observation and experimentation used to gain knowledge about the natural world, emphasizing evidence and testing.

This was a period where fear and persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft was widespread. This was fueled by social anxieties and religious tensions.

Church leaders played a significant role in promoting the belief in witchcraft and the persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft.

The belief in witchcraft was rooted in folk traditions of 'cunning folk' who practiced magic. This belief was also linked to anxieties surrounding social change, religious differences, and political discord.

Baroque art emphasized naturalism. The use of dramatic contrasts between light and dark (chiaroscuro), helped create a sense of theatricality. It served both religious and secular purposes.

A notable exception to the limited opportunities for women in science, Cavendish wrote extensively on scientific matters and challenged existing scientific paradigms.

The conflict between Galileo and the Roman Catholic Church highlighted the tension between science and religious interpretations. Galileo's trial in 1633, where he was found guilty of heresy, further demonstrated these tensions.

The Scientific Revolution led to a shift in worldview, replacing an Earth-centered universe with a heliocentric model and emphasizing the importance of mathematical reasoning. It challenged the authority of the church and traditional beliefs, but also led to new ideas in physics and astronomy.

He emphasized the importance of empirical observation and the practical applications of science. Through his works, he advocated for a methodical approach to scientific inquiry.

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Sun is the center of the solar system, with the Earth and other planets orbiting around it.

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who provided incredibly precise observations of celestial objects, which were used by later scientists like Johannes Kepler.

Johannes Kepler, building on Tycho Brahe's work, confirmed a heliocentric model and discovered that planets actually move in elliptical orbits, not perfect circles as previously thought.

Galileo Galilei used the telescope to observe celestial bodies like the Moon, the Sun, and Jupiter's moons, providing evidence for the Copernican model. He also argued that the universe operates according to mathematical laws.

Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion and gravitation, explaining how objects move and interact in the universe, thus unifying the laws governing both celestial and terrestrial objects.

Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of empirical observation and inductive reasoning in scientific inquiry, advocating for a systematic approach to knowledge discovery.

Rene Descartes advocated for a deductive method, starting with clear and certain principles and then using logical reasoning to arrive at new conclusions. He also formulated the famous quote, "I think, therefore I am."

John Locke argued for limited government, emphasizing individual rights and liberties. He also advocated for religious toleration and the importance of natural law.