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Questions and Answers
The Enlightenment emphasized ______, progress, and individual liberty.
The Enlightenment emphasized ______, progress, and individual liberty.
reason
Nicolaus Copernicus is known for proposing the ______ model of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus is known for proposing the ______ model of the universe.
heliocentric
The ______ was a significant work by Thomas Hobbes that discusses the social contract.
The ______ was a significant work by Thomas Hobbes that discusses the social contract.
Leviathan
Galileo Galilei made contributions to the empirical method, which emphasizes ______ and observation.
Galileo Galilei made contributions to the empirical method, which emphasizes ______ and observation.
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The limitations placed on women's opportunities during this period had implications for their role in ______.
The limitations placed on women's opportunities during this period had implications for their role in ______.
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Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a ______ model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system.
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a ______ model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system.
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Tycho Brahe provided detailed and accurate ______ observations.
Tycho Brahe provided detailed and accurate ______ observations.
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Galileo Galilei used the ______ to observe celestial bodies and support the Copernican model.
Galileo Galilei used the ______ to observe celestial bodies and support the Copernican model.
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Isaac Newton discovered the laws of ______ and gravitation.
Isaac Newton discovered the laws of ______ and gravitation.
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Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of ______ observation in scientific inquiry.
Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of ______ observation in scientific inquiry.
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René Descartes advocated a deductive approach, emphasizing the use of ______ and mathematics.
René Descartes advocated a deductive approach, emphasizing the use of ______ and mathematics.
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The Royal Society of London was founded in ______.
The Royal Society of London was founded in ______.
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Traditional institutions excluded ______ from participating in the Scientific Revolution.
Traditional institutions excluded ______ from participating in the Scientific Revolution.
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Margaret Cavendish was a notable exception as she wrote extensively on ______ matters.
Margaret Cavendish was a notable exception as she wrote extensively on ______ matters.
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Galileo's trial in 1633 was a significant event highlighting the conflict between science and the ______ Church.
Galileo's trial in 1633 was a significant event highlighting the conflict between science and the ______ Church.
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The persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft during this period was particularly directed towards ______, midwives, and women healers.
The persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft during this period was particularly directed towards ______, midwives, and women healers.
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Baroque art is characterized by naturalism and dramatic contrasts between light and ______.
Baroque art is characterized by naturalism and dramatic contrasts between light and ______.
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The Scientific Revolution emphasized the importance of ______ reasoning, replacing the Earth-centered universe.
The Scientific Revolution emphasized the importance of ______ reasoning, replacing the Earth-centered universe.
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The belief in witchcraft was rooted in folk traditions of ______ folk who practiced magic.
The belief in witchcraft was rooted in folk traditions of ______ folk who practiced magic.
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Michelangelo Caravaggio's works exemplified ______ painting.
Michelangelo Caravaggio's works exemplified ______ painting.
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Francis Bacon emphasized the significance of empirical ______ in the scientific process.
Francis Bacon emphasized the significance of empirical ______ in the scientific process.
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Study Notes
New Directions in Thought and Culture
- The 16th and 17th centuries saw a shift in the scientific view of the universe
- An earth-centered model gave way to a sun-centered one, where the earth orbits the sun
- This change led to reassessing moral and religious views
- The Scientific Revolution was the process of establishing a new view of the universe
- Sixteenth and seventeenth-century natural philosophers re-examined and rethought theories and data from the ancient world and the late Middle Ages
- The scientific revolution was not rapid
- It was a complex movement involving a few hundred people in separate locations: Poland, Italy, Denmark, Bohemia, France, and Great Britain
- Scientists worked with artisans to develop new scientific instruments
Copernicus and Earth-centered Universe
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish clergyman and astronomer
- He suggested that the earth orbited the sun, not vice versa
- Ptolemy's model described the earth at the center of the universe with celestial bodies orbiting it, which was the prevailing view at that time
- Copernicus challenged the Ptolemaic model in his book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres," published in 1543
- Copernicus' model used fewer epicycles than the Ptolemaic system but was not more accurate
- The reform of the calendar was a factor behind the work of Copernicus
Philosophy and Changing Science
- The revolution in scientific thought prompted major re-examination in Western philosophy
- Figures like Bacon and Descartes discontented with scholastic heritage
- Bacon stressed the importance of empirical research
- Descartes sought certainty through self-reflection
- Newton also examined philosophy, including scientific method & theology
Nature as Mechanism
- Proponents of the new science attempted to explain the world using mechanical metaphors (e.g., a clock)
- This shifted focus from spiritual meaning in nature to a realm of utility and purpose
The New Institutions
- The pursuit of new knowledge led to the creation of new scientific organizations
- These organizations served as venues for scientific discussion, experimentation, and observation.
The Case of Galileo
- The 1633 condemnation of Galileo by the Roman Catholic authorities for his support of Copernicanism was highly controversial
- His book "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" was deemed to contradict the Bible, placing it on the index of prohibited books
- Galileo, a layman, tried to explain how the Bible and science could coexist
- He was forced to renounce his views, and placed under house arrest for the remainder of his life
Women in Science
- Women were largely excluded from the institutions of the new science at the time despite some exceptions
- Noblewomen, particularly, could exert influence through their social connections,
- Those of the artisan class who worked as midwives were more successful
- Women's roles in science were often limited to assistance or support to male scientists, or in certain crafts like midwifery.
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Description
Explore the transformative changes in thought and culture during the 16th and 17th centuries. This quiz delves into the shift from an earth-centered to a sun-centered universe, focusing on key figures like Nicolaus Copernicus and the broader implications for science and religion. Test your knowledge about the pioneers and ideas that shaped this era.
